La profesión docente y la formación de docentes en Singapur (1950 al presente): de sobrevivir a prosperar
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.44.2024.37808Mots-clés :
teaching profession, , teacher education, professionalism, future-focused, teacher policy, education systemRésumé
La enseñanza es una profesión muy apreciada en Singapur. Alcanzar tal estatus fue el resultado de una serie de políticas estratégicas aprobadas por el gobierno para mejorar la educación pública en Singapur. Junto con la prioridad de Singapur en el desarrollo del capital humano, mejorar la calidad de los docentes se considera esencial para lograr el objetivo de brindar una educación de calidad a todos los niños. Para desarrollar una mejor comprensión del viaje de Singapur en los maestros que son vistos como profesionales hoy en día, es necesario examinar los desarrollos clave tanto en el sistema educativo de Singapur como en los programas de formación docente. Sobre la base de estos dos temas generales, el autor analizará algunas de las políticas clave que se introdujeron para guiar el éxito de Singapur hacia la provisión de una educación de calidad para sus alumnos (estudiantes y docentes). Para una nación pequeña sin recursos naturales, se considera necesario un esfuerzo concertado del Ministerio de Educación, la Academia de Maestros de Singapur y el Instituto Nacional de Educación para lograr sus objetivos educativos. Mirando más allá del siglo XXI, el artículo también compartirá algunas de las estrategias actuales que apuntan a equipar a los maestros de Singapur con las actitudes, habilidades y conocimientos para ayudar a sus estudiantes a enfrentar los desafíos de vivir en un mundo volátil, incierto, complejo y ambiguo. Para hacer realidad esta visión, el Instituto Nacional de Educación adopta el Modelo de Formación Docente para el Siglo XXI (TE21) que tiene como objetivo preparar docentes con pensamiento autónomo para el siglo XXI a través de un nuevo paradigma de formación docente respaldado por una asociación sólida con las partes interesadas en la educación y un vínculo sólido entre la teoría y la práctica en los programas de formación docente. A través de estas ideas, esperamos provocar la reflexión, estimular el debate y alentar a las partes interesadas en la educación de todo el mundo a diseñar estrategias prometedoras para mejorar la formación docente en todo el mundo.
Téléchargements
Références
Adler, P. S., & Borys, B. (1996). Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Administrative Quarterly, 41, 61-89. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393986
Barber, M., & Mourshed, M. (2007). How the world's best-performing schools systems come out on top: McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/how-the-worlds-best-performing-school-systems-come-out-on-top
Chen, A. Y., & Koay, S. L. (2010). Transforming teaching, inspiring learning: 60 years of teacher education in Singapore, 1950-2010. National Institute of Education.
Chia, Y. T., Chew, A., & Tan, J. (2022). Teacher preparation in Singapore: A concise critical history. Emerald Group Publishing.
Chua, B. L., & Chye, S. (2017). Nurturing 21st century educators: An EPIIC perspective. In O. S. Tan, W. C. Liu, & E. L. Low (Eds.), Teacher education in the 21st century: Singapore’s evolution and innovation (pp. 59-76). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3386-5_5
Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/210.1080/02619768.02612017.01315399.
Darling-Hammond, L., & Bransford, J. (Eds.). (2005). Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do. Jossey-Bass.
Darling-Hammond, L., & Rothman, R. (2015). Developing effective teaching: Why search globally. In L. Darling-Hammond & R. Rothman (Eds.), Teaching in the flat world: Learning from high-performing systems (pp. 1 - 5). Hawker Brownlow Education.
Deng, Z. (2004). Beyond teacher training: Singaporean teacher preparation in the era of new educational initiatives. Teaching Education, 15(2), 159-173. https://doi.org/110.1080/1047621042000213593
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2022a). Environment. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2022b). Population. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/ebook/population/population
Dolton, P., & Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O. (2013). Global teacher status index 2013. Varkey GEMS Foundation. https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/2787/2013globalteacherstatusindex.pdf
Dolton, P., Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O., Vries, R., & She, P. W. (2018a). Global teacher status index 2018. Varkey Foundation. https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4867/gts-index-13-11-2018.pdf
Dolton, P., Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O., Vries, R., & She, P. W. (2018b). Singapore GTSI Statistics. Varkey Foundation. https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4856/gtsi-singapore-chart-findings.pdf
Elmore, R. F., Peterson, P. L., & McCarthey, S. J. (1996). Restructuring in the classroom: Teaching, learning, and school organization. Jossey-Bass Inc.
Fullan, M. (2003). The moral imperative of school leadership. Corwin Press.
Goh, C. B., & Gopinathan, S. (2008). The development of education in Singapore since 1965. In S. K. Lee, C. B. Goh, B. Fredriksen, & J. P. Tan (Eds.), Toward a better future: Education and training for economic development in Singapore since 1965 (pp. 12–38). The World Bank.
Goh, C. B., & Lee, S. K. (2008). Making teacher education responsive and relevant. In S. K. Lee, C. B. Goh, B. Fredriksen, & J. P. Tan (Eds.), Toward a better future: Education and training for economic development in Singapore since 1965 (pp. 96-113). The World Bank.
Goh, K. S. (1979). Report on the Ministry of Education 1978. Ministry of Education. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/956--1979-02-10.pdf
Goodwin, A. L. (2012). Quality teachers, Singapore style. In L. Darling-Hammond & A. Lieberman (Eds.), Teacher education around the world: Changing policies and practices (pp. 22 - 43). Taylor & Francis.
Goodwin, A. L., & Low, E. L. (2021). Rethinking conceptualisations of teacher quality in Singapore and Hong Kong: A comparative analysis. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(3), 365-382.
Goodwin, A. L., Low, E. L., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Empowered educators in Singapore: How high-performing systems shape teaching quality. Jossey-Bass.
Goodwin, A. L., Low, E. L., & Ng, P. T. (2015). Developing teacher leadership in Singapore: Multiple pathways for differentiated journeys The New Educator, 11(2), 107-120. https://doi.org/110.1080/1547688X.1542015.1026782
Gopinathan, S. (2012). Fourth Way in action? The evolution of Singapore's education system. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 11(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-10011-19117-10676
Gopinathan, S., & Ho, W. K. (2000). Teacher education in Singapore. In P. Morris & J. Williamson (Eds.), Teacher education in the Asia-Pacific region: A comparative study (pp. 199-225). Routledge.
Gopinathan, S., & Mardiana, A. B. (2013). Globalization, the state and curriculum reform. In Z. Deng, S. Gopinathan, & C. K. E. Lee (Eds.), Globalization and the Singapore curriculum. Education Innovation Series. (pp. 15-32). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-57-4_2
Gopinathan, S., Wong, B., & Tang, N. (2008). The evolution of school leadership policy and practice in Singapore: responses to changing socio‐economic and political contexts (insurgents, implementers, innovators). Journal of Educational Administration and History, 40(3), 235-249. https://doi.org/210.1080/00220620802507250
Green, A. (2020). Staff of 2030: Future-ready teaching: The Economist: Intelligence Unit Limited. https://edudownloads.azureedge.net/msdownloads/microsoft-edu-staff-of-2030.pdf
Gwee, Y. H., & Chang, A. S. C. (2010). Training of university graduate teachers before 1972. In A. Y. Chen & K. S. Luan (Eds.), Transforming teaching, inspiring learning: 60 years of teacher education in Singapore. National Institute of Education.
Hargreaves, A., & Shirley, D. L. (2012). The global fourth way: The quest for educational excellence. Corwin Press.
Heng, S. K. (2012). Keynote Address by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Minister for Education, at the Ministry of Education Work Plan Seminar, on Wednesday, 12 September 2012 at 9.20 am at Ngee Ann Polytechnic Convention Centre. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/keynote-address-by-mr-heng-swee-keat--minister-for-education--at-the-ministry-of-education-work-plan-seminar--on-wednesday--12-september-2012-at-920-am-at-ngee-ann-polytechnic-convention-centre
Heng, S. K. (2014). Growing our teachers, building our nation. Keynote Address by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Minister for Education, at the Ministry of Education Work Plan Seminar 2014, on 23 September 2014 at Ngee Ann Polytechnic Convention Centre. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/20140923-keynote-address-by-mr-heng-swee-keat-minister-for-education-at-the-ministry-of-education-work-plan-seminar-2014-on-tuesday-23-september-2014-at-9-15am-at-ngee-ann-polytechnic-convention-centre
Ho, P. (2009). Address by Ms Ho Peng, Director-General of Education, at the Teachers’ Mass Lecture, Singapore Expo Hall 2, Wednesday 26 August. http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2009/08/26/address-by-ms-ho-peng-at-the-t.php
Hung, D. W. L., Koh, T. S., & Jamaludin, A. (2018). Teachers at the heart of system change: Principles of educational change for school leaders. In T. S. Koh & D. Hung (Eds.), Leadership for change: The Singapore schools' experience (pp. 231-247). World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813227323_0009
Kansanen, P. (2007). Research-based teacher education. http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00001720/01/changes-5-01-oth-svn-enl-t07.pdf
Koh, J. H. L., Chai, C. S., & Tsai, C. C. (2010). Examining the technological pedagogical content knowledge of Singapore pre-service teachers with a large-scale survey. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(6), 563-573. https://doi.org/510.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00372.x
Lee, H. L. (2014). Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at Smart Nation Launch on 24 November 2014. https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/whats-new/speeches/smart-nation-launch
Lee, K. Y. (1959). Responsibilities of teachers. Speech at the Education Ministry's Rally of Teachers at the Happy World Stadium (8 December 1959). In The papers of Lee Kuan Yew: Speeches, interviews and dialogues (Vol. 1: 1950-1962, pp. 146-149). Gale Asia, 2012.
Lee, K. Y. (1966). A literate but uneducated population? Speech at the Opening of the Third Asian Teacher's Seminar at the Singapore Conference Hall and Trade Union House, Shenton Way (20 November 1966). In The papers of Lee Kuan Yew: Speeches, interviews and dialogues (Vol. 3: 1965-1966, pp. 548-555). Gale Asia, 2012.
Lee, S.-S., Chia, A., Pereira, A., & Tay, L. Y. (2022). Singapore's student-centred, values-driven education system. In J. Lee & K. K. Wong (Eds.), Centering whole-child development in global education reform: International perspectives on agendas for educational equity and quality (pp. 102-122). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202714-9
Lee, S. K., & Low, E. L. (2014). Balancing between theory and practice: Singapore’s teacher education partnership model. InTuition, 16, Spring 2014. https://www.ifl.ac.uk/publications/in-tuition/intuition-16-spring-2014/opinion-balancing-between-theory-and-practice-singapore%E2%80%99s-teacher-education-partnership-mode
Lim, F. V., Toh, W., & Nguyen, T. T. H. (2022). Multimodality in the English language classroom: A systematic review of literature. Linguistics and Education, 69, 101048. https://doi.org/101010.101016/j.linged.102022.101048
Liu, W. C. (2017). The teaching profession and teacher education. In O. S. Tan, E. L. Low, & D. Hung (Eds.), Lee Kuan Yew’s educational legacy: The challenges of success (pp. 29 - 42). Springer.
Liu, W. C. (2022). Singapore's approach to developing teachers: Hindsight, insight, and foresight. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433641
Liu, W. C. (2023). Preparing teachers for the changing future (2014–2018). Educational Research for Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-023-09328-5
Liu, W. C. (2023, May). The role of practicum in Initial Teacher Preparation: The Singapore’s perspective [Paper presentation]. Re-thinking and Re-searching the Practicum for the Future Teacher Education: Issues, Challenges, and Possibilities Conference, South Korea.
Liu, W. C., Koh, C., & Chua, B. L. (2017). Developing thinking teachers through learning portfolios. In O. S. Tan, W. C. Liu, & E. L. Low (Eds.), Teacher education in the 21st century: Singapore’s evolution and innovation (pp. 173-192). Springer.
Liu, W. C., & Lim, Y. C. (2018). Understanding teaching, learning and learners: The Singapore teaching practice. In W. C. Liu, C. Koh, D. Choy, & J. Tay-Lim (Eds.), Understanding teaching, learning and learners: A guide for Singapore teachers (pp. 1-23). Cengage Learning Asia.
Liu, W. C., Tan, G. C. I., & Salleh, H. (2014). Developing teacher competency through practice in Singapore. In J. Calvo de Mora & K. Wood (Eds.), Practical knowledge in teacher education: Approaches to teacher internship programs (pp. 109-126). Routledge.
Liu, W. C., Tan, G. C. I., & Wong, A. F. L. (2017). Redesigning and reconceptualising of field experience for teacher accreditation. In O. S. Tan, W. C. Liu, & E. L. Low (Eds.), Teacher education in the 21st century: Singapore’s evolution and innovation (pp. 193-215). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3386-5_11
Liu, W. C., & Tan, O. S. (2015). Teacher effectiveness: Beyond results and accountability. In O. S. Tan & W. C. Liu (Eds.), Teacher effectiveness: Capacity building in a complex learning era (pp. 335-345). Cengage Learning Asia.
Loh, J., & Hu, G. (2019). Teacher education in Singapore. In Oxford research encyclopedia of education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.293
Low, E. L. (Ed.) (2012). Portraits of top-performing education systems (CJ Koh professional series). National Institute of Education.
Lun, C. Y., & Chan, W. C. (1983). A brief survey of teacher education in Singapore. IEXperience: the first ten years, 3-17
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2010, September 6). Academy of Singapore Teachers. [Press release]. http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2010/09/academy-of-singapore-teachers.php
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2016, December 6). Equipped, primed and future-ready: Singapore students have what it takes to thrive in the 21st century workplace. [Press release]. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/press-releases/20161206-equipped-primed-and-future-ready-singapore-students-have-what-it-takes-to-thrive-in-the-21st-century-workplace
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2019, September 3). One secondary education, many subject bands: 28 secondary schools to pilot full subject-based banding. [Press release]. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/press-releases/20190903-one-secondary-education-many-subject-bands-28-secondary-schools-to-pilot-full-subject-based-banding#:~:text=1.,of%20Full%20SBB%20from%202020
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2020). Schools and institutes of higher learning to shift to full home-based learning; preschools and student care centres to suspend general services. [Press release]. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/press-releases/20200403-schools-and-institutes-of-higher-learning-to-shift-to-full-home-based-learning-preschools-and-student-care-centres-to-suspend-general-services
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2022a). 21st century competencies and student outcomes framework. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/21st-century-competencies/
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2022b). Educational technology journey. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/educational-technology-journey
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2022c). Educational technology plan. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/educational-technology-journey/edtech-plan
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2022d). Our teachers. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/our-teachers
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2023). Desired outcomes of education. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/desired-outcomes
Mockler, N., & Sachs, J. (2011). Rethinking educational practice through reflexive inquiry: An introduction. In N. Mockler & J. Sachs (Eds.), Rethinking educational practice through reflexive inquiry. Professional learning and development in schools and higher education, vol 7 (pp. 1-8). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0805-1_1.
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2017). PIRLS 2016 international results in reading: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/pirls/student-achievement/pirls-achievement-results/index.html
National Institute of Education (NIE). (2009). TE21: A teacher education model for the 21st century. National Institute of Education. https://www.nie.edu.sg/docs/default-source/te21_docs/te21-online-version---updated.pdf?sfvrsn=2
National Institute of Education (NIE). (2014). NIE moving forward towards 2017 strategic roadmap. https://nie.edu.sg/docs/default-source/nie-files/office-of-strategic-planning-academic-quality/strategicreport-150119.pdf?sfvrsn=2
National Institute of Education (NIE). (2018). Learning and teaching @ NIE: Principles for educating teachers for the 21st century. https://www.nie.edu.sg/docs/default-source/IN-Learning/learning-and-teaching@nie-version-1.pdf?sfvrsn=cbb065a7_0
National Institute of Education (NIE). (2022, May 25). The NIE NTU, Singapore launches AI@NIE to transform teaching and learning for 21st century education. https://www.nie.edu.sg/about-us/news-events/news/news-detail/the-nie-ntu-singapore-launches-ai@nie-to-transform-teaching-and-learning-for-21st-century-education
National Institute of Education (NIE). (in press). TE21: Empowering teachers for the future. National Institute of Education.
National Institute of Education (NIE). (n.d.). Office of Education Research. https://www.nie.edu.sg/research/research-offices/office-of-education-research
Ng, E. H. (2008). Opening Address by Dr Ng Eng Hen, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defence, at the Teachers’ Conference 2008, Suntec City Ballroom, Wednesday 28 May. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20080528983.pdf
Ng, E. H. (2009). Speech by Dr Ng Eng Hen, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defence, at the MOE Work Plan Seminar 2009, Ngee Ann Polytechnic Convention Centre, 17 September, 2009. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20090924002/moe_wps_2009.pdf
Ng, P. T. (2015). Whole-systems approach: Professional capital in Singapore. In J. Evers & R. Kneyber (Eds.), Flip the system: Changing education from the ground up (pp. 151-161). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678573-17
Ng, P. T. (2017). Learning from Singapore: The power of paradoxes. Routledge.
Office of Education Research. (2017). Teachers at the heart of system change: A consolidation of OER research. National Institute of Education. https://www.nie.edu.sg/docs/default-source/oer/oer_rcr_final_for_web_v2.pdf?sfvrsn=0
Ong, P. B. (1965). Speech at the Teachers Training College graduation ceremony at Victoria Theatre on 12 November 1965. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19651112b.pdf
Ong, Y. K. (2018). Learn for Life. Opening Address by Mr Ong Ye Kung, Minister for Education, at the Schools Work Plan Seminar on September 28, 2018. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/20180928-opening-address-by-mr-ong-ye-kung-minister-for-education-at-the-schools-work-plan-seminar
Ong, Y. K. (2020). MOE FY2020 Committee of Supply Debate Response by Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung. [Press release]. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/20200304-moe-fy2020-committee-of-supply-debate-response-by-minister-for-education-ong-ye-kung.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2011). Lessons from PISA for the United States: Strong performers and successful reformers in education. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/46623978.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2014). A teachers' guide to TALIS 2013: Teaching and Learning International Survey. TALIS, OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/education/school/TALIS-Teachers-Guide.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Singapore tops latest OECD PISA global education survey. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/singapore-tops-latest-oecd-pisa-global-education-survey.htm
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20(05.04.2018).pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019a). Conceptual learning framework: Attitudes and Values for 2030. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/attitudes-and-values/Attitudes_and_Values_for_2030_concept_note.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019b). TALIS 2018 results (Volume I): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1d0bc92a-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020a). Country note: Singapore. Results from TALIS 2018: Volume II. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/countries/singapore/TALIS2018_CN_SGP_Vol_II.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020b). TALIS 2018 results (Volume II): Teachers and school leaders as valued professionals. TALIS, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/19cf08df-en
Paradis, A., Lutovac, S., Jokikokko, K., & Kaasila, R. (2018). Canadian and Finnish upper-secondary school mathematics teachers’ perceptions of autonomy. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 26(3), 381-396. https://doi.org/310.1080/14681366.14682017.11407957
Pickering, J., Daly, C., Pachler, N., Gowing, E., Hardcastle, J., Johns-Shepherd, L., . . . Simon, S. (2007). New designs for teachers' professional learning. Institute of Education, University of London.
Png, L. H. J., & Liu, W. C. (2017). Mentoring and school partnerships. In O. S. Tan, W. C. Liu, & E. L. Low (Eds.), Teacher education in the 21st century: Singapore's evolution and innovation (pp. 217-232). Springer.
Poon, C. L. (2012). Fourth way in action: Translation of research into policy and practice. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 11(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-10011-19113-x
Sachs, J. (2016). Teacher professionalism: Why are we still talking about it? Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 22(4), 413-425. https://doi.org/410.1080/13540602.13542015.11082732
Sahlberg, P. (2013). Teachers as leaders in Finland. Educational Leadership, 71(2), 36-40. http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/oct13/vol71/num02/Teachers-as-Leaders-in-Finland.aspx
Salleh, H., & Dimmock, C. (2012). Singapore schools and professional learning communities: Teacher professional development and school leadership in an Asian hierarchical system. Educational Review, 64(4), 405-424. https://doi.org/410.1080/00131911.00132011.00625111
Sharpe, L., & Gopinathan, S. (1993). Universitisation and the reform of teacher education: The case of Britain and Singapore. Research in Education, 50(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/003452379305000102
Sharpe, L., & Gopinathan, S. (2002). After effectiveness: New directions in the Singapore school system? Journal of Education Policy, 17(2), 151-166. https://doi.org/110.1080/02680930110116507
Shulman, L. S. (1998). Theory, practice and the education of professionals. The Elementary School Journal, 98(5), 511-526. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1002328
Sim, A. (2012). Speech by Ms Sim Ann, Senior Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law at the NIE Teachers' Investiture Ceremony at 9.30am on Wednesday, 11 July 2012, at the Nanyang Auditorium, Nanyang Technological University. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/speech-by-ms-sim-ann--senior-parliamentary-secretary--ministry-of-education-and-ministry-of-law-at-the-nie-teachers--investiture-ceremony-at-930am-on-wednesday--11-july-2012--at-the-nanyang-auditorium--nanyang-technological-university
Sim, W. K., & Ho, W. K. (1990). 25 years of teacher education. In S. K. Yip & W. K. Sim (Eds.), Evolution of educational excellence: 25 years of education in the Republic of Singapore (pp. 153-182). Longman.
Tan, J. P. L., Koh, E., Chan, M., Costes-Onishi, P., & Hung, D. (2017). Advancing 21st century competencies in Singapore. Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/advancing-21st-century-competencies-in-singapore.pdf
Tan, J. P. L., Koh, E., Chan, M., Costes-Onishi, P., & Hung, D. W. L. (2017). Advancing 21st century competencies in Singapore. Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/advancing-21st-century-competencies-in-singapore.pdf
Tan, O. S. (2012). Fourth way in action: Teacher education in Singapore. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 11(1), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-10011-19115-10678
Tan, O. S., & Chua, J. J. E. (2022). Science, social responsibility, and education: The experience of Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic. In F. M. Reimers (Ed.), Primary and secondary education during Covid-19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4_10
Tan, O. S., & Liu, W. C. (2017). Championing the teacher factor. In O. S. Tan, W. C. Liu, & E. L. Low (Eds.), Teacher education in the 21st century: Singapore’s evolution and innovation (pp. 33-43). Springer.
Tan, O. S., Liu, W. C., & Low, E. L. (2017). Riding Towards the Future. In Teacher Education in the 21st Century (pp. 301-313). Springer.
Taylor, W. (1980). Teacher education in Singapore, 1980: The role of the Institute of Education. Photoplates.
Tichenor, M. S., & Tichenor, J. M. (2005). Understanding teachers’ perspectives on professionalism. The Professional Teacher, 27(1/2), 89-95. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ728484.pdf
Towers, E., Rushton, E. A. C., Gibbons, S., Steadman, S., Brock, R., Cao, Y., . . . Marshall, B. (2023). The “problem” of teacher quality: exploring challenges and opportunities in developing teacher quality during the Covid-19 global pandemic in England. Educational Review, 1-17.
Trends in International Math and Science Study (TIMSS). (2019). TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science. https://timss2019.org/reports/
Yip, J., & Sim, W. K. (1994). Evolution of educational excellence: 25 years of education in the Republic of Singapore. Longman.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Woon Chia Liu 2023
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Acknowledgement – Non Commercial (by-nc): Generation of derivated Works is allowed as long as a commercial use is not developed. The original work cannot be used with commercial aims.
This journal does not apply any fee to the authors by the filing or processing of articles.
