Comparative Education and Empires
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.31.2018.21828Palavras-chave:
comparative education, empires, politics of knowledgeResumo
There is a very large literature on Empires. There is a large literature on education and empires. However, there is only a small literature within comparative education on empires. Why? Given the numbers of people whose education was affected by Empires, given the stated intentions of those who created empires and imperial education systems, given the harmonies and tensions in most empires between politics and religion which played out in educational systems, and given some of the obvious differences between, say, the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Soviet Empires and their discourses and practices in education, the silence is loud. This article will, first, reflect on the ways in which changes in ‘comparative education’ helped to construct that silence. Second, it will trace a more recent change in comparative education which opens up the possibility to re-assess Empires as a core theme of work, not just in the ‘history of education’ but in comparative education. That argument is pursued fully in the third section of the article. The conclusion notes yet another change in the political positioning of comparative education as a university subject and suggests that, despite new obstacles, empires ought to be a topic in our future and not just in our past.
Downloads
Referências
Arnove, R. F. (2009). World-systems analysis and comparative education in the age of globalisation. In R. Cowen & A. M. Kazamias (Eds.), International Handbook of Comparative Education (pp. 99–117). Dordrecht: Springer.
Beech, J. (2011). Global panaceas, local realities: international agencies and the future of education. Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang.
Bereday, G. Z., Brickman, W.W, & Read, G. H. (Eds.) (1960). The Changing Soviet School: The Comparative Education Society field study in the U.S.S.R. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Biesta, G. (2011). Disciplines and theory in the academic study of education: a comparative analysis of the Anglo-American and Continental construction of the field. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 19(2), 175-192.
Brendon, P. (2007). The decline and fall of the British Empire. London: Cape.
Broadfoot, P. (2009). Time for a scientific revolution? From comparative education to Comparative Learnology. In R. Cowen & A.M. Kazamias (Eds.), International Handbook of Comparative Education (pp. 1249-1266). Dordrecht: Springer.
Burton, A. & Kennedy D. (Eds.) (2018). How Empire shaped us. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Carney, S. (2010). Reading the global: comparative education at the end of an era. In M. Larsen (Ed.), New Thinking in Comparative Education: Honouring the work of Robert Cowen (pp. 125-142). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Carney, S., Rappleye, J. & Silova I. (2012). Between Faith and Science: world culture theory and comparative education. Comparative Education Review, 36(3), 366-93.
Cowen, R. (1999). Late modernity and the rules of chaos: an initial note on transitologies and rims. In R. Alexander, P. Broadfoot and D. Phillips (Eds.), Learning from comparing: new directions in comparative educational research, vol.1, contexts, classrooms and outcomes (pp. 73-89). Oxford: Symposium Books.
Cowen, R. (2000a). Comparing futures or comparing pasts? Comparative Education, 36(3), 333-342.
Cowen, R. (2000b). Fine-tuning educational earthquakes? In D. Coulby, R. Cowen & C. Jones (Eds.), World Yearbook of Education 2000: Education in times of transition (pp. 1-7). London: Kogan Page.
Cowen, R. (2002) Sketches of a Future’. In M. Caruso & H. E. Tenforth, (Eds.), Internationalisierung: Semantik und Bildungsstem in vergleichender Perspektive [Internationalisation: Comparative education systems and Semantics] (pp. 271-283). Peter Lang: Frankfurt-am-Main.
Cowen, R. (2006). Acting comparatively upon the educational world: puzzles and possibilities. Oxford Review of Education, 32(5), 561-573.
Cowen, R. (2007). Comparing and transferring: visions, politics and universities. In D. Bridges, P. Juceviciene, R. Jucevicius, T. McLaughlin & J. Stankeviciute (Eds.), Higher education and national development: universities and societies in transition (pp. 13-29). London: Routledge.
Cowen, R. (2009a). Then and Now: Unit Ideas and Comparative Education. In R. Cowen & A.M. Kazamias (Eds.), International Handbook of Comparative Education (pp.1277-1294). Dordrecht: Springer.
Cowen, R. (2009b.) The transfer, translation and transformation of educational processes: and their shape-shifting? Comparative Education,45(3), 315-327.
Cowen, R. (2012). Robustly Researching the Relevant: a note on creation myths in comparative education. In L. Wikander, C. Gustaffson & U. Riis (Eds.), Enlightenment, Creativity and Education: polities, politics, performances (pp. 3-26). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers & CESE.
Cowen, R. (2013). Changing Principles and Goals of Universities: questioning trajectories, Sisyphus: journal of education. Institute of Education, University of Lisbon, 1(2), 38-53.
Cowen, R. (2014a). Comparative education: stones, silences, and siren songs. Comparative Education, 50(1), 3-14.
Cowen, R. (2014b). Ways of knowing, outcomes and ‘comparative education’: be careful what you pray for. Comparative Education, 50(3), 282-301.
Cowen, R. (2016). Doctoring the Doctorate in England. In D. Palomba & C. Cappa (Eds.), Knowledge Society and Doctoral Studies: Research, Education and Training in a New Landscape (pp. 81–116). Rome: Aracne.
Cowen, R. (2018a). Embodied Comparative Education. Comparative Education, 54(1), 10-25.
Cowen R. (2018b). The warp and weft of comparative education: time and space. In J. McLeod, N. Sobe & T. Seddon (Eds.), Uneven Space-Times in Education: historical sociologies of methods and practices, World Yearbook of Education 2018 (pp. 26-40). London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
Cowen, R., & Kazamias, A.M. (Eds.). (2009). International Handbook of Comparative Education. Dordrecht: Springer.
Cowen, R., & Klerides, L. (Eds.) (2009). Mobilities and educational metamorphoses: patterns, puzzles, and possibilities [Special issue]. Comparative Education, 45(3).
DeWitt, N. (1955). Soviet professional manpower: its education, training and supply. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Ferguson, N. (2003). Empire: How Britain made the modern world. London: Allen Lane.
Grant, N. (1964). Soviet Education. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Grant, N. (1969). Schools, society and progress in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Grek, S. (2009). Governing by numbers: The PISA effect in Europe. Journal of Education Policy, 24(1), 23–37.
Gunn, A., & Mintrom, M. (2016). Higher education policy change in Europe: academic research funding and the impact agenda. European Education, 48(4), 241-257.
Hans, N. (1950). Comparative Education: A study of educational factors and traditions (2nd edition). London: Routledge & K. Paul.
Hans, N. (1959). The historical approach to comparative education. International Review of Education, V(3), 299-307.
Hans, N. (1963). The Russian tradition in education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Holmes, B. (1965). Problems in education: a comparative approach. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Holmes, B. (1986). Paradigm shifts in comparative education. In P. G. Altbach, & G. P. Kelly (Eds.), New approaches to comparative education (pp. 179-199). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Horne, A. (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. New York: Viking Press.
Hsu, F. (2013), Colonial Articulations: English Instruction and the 'benevolence' of U.S. overseas expansion in the Philippines, 1898-1916 (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley, California.
Kandel, I. L. (1933). Comparative education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Kandel, I. L. (1955). The new era in education: a comparative study. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Kazamias, A.M. (1963). History, science and comparative education: a study in methodology. International Review of Education, 8(3-4), 383-398.
Kazamias, A. M. (2001). Re-inventing the historical in comparative education: reflections on a protean episteme by a contemporary player. Comparative Education, 37(4), 439–449.
Kazamias, A. M. (2009). Reclaiming a lost legacy: the historical humanist vision in comparative education. In R. Cowen, & A.M. Kazamias (Eds.), International Handbook of Comparative Education (pp.1267-1276). Dordrecht: Springer.
King, E. J. (1968). Comparative studies and educational decision. London: Methuen.
Larsen, M. (Ed.) (2010). New Thinking in Comparative Education: Honouring the work of Robert Cowen. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Leinster-Mackay, D. (1988). The nineteenth-century English preparatory school: cradle and crèche of Empire? In J. Mangan, (Ed.), ‘Benefits Bestowed? Education and British Imperialism (pp. 49-69). Manchester. Manchester University Press.
Louis, W. (Ed.) (1999). The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vols). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mangan, J. A. (1986). The Games Ethic and Imperialism: aspects of the diffusion of an ideal. London: Viking.
Mangan J. A. (Ed.) (1988). ‘Benefits Bestowed’? Education and British Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mangan J. A. (Ed.) (1993). The Imperial Curriculum: racial images and education in the British colonial experience. London: Routledge.
McLeod, J., Sobe, N. & Seddon, T. (Eds.) (2018). World Yearbook of Education 2018, Uneven Space-Times of Education: historical sociologies of concepts, methods and practice. London: Routledge.
Meyer, H. D., & Benavot, A. (Eds.) (2013). PISA, Power and Policy: The emergence of global educational governance. Oxford: Symposium Books.
Ninnes, P., & Burnett, G. (2003). Comparative Education Research: poststructuralist possibilities. Comparative Education, 39(3), 279-297.
Ninnes, P., & Mehta, S. (Eds.) (2004). Re-imagining Comparative Education: Postfoundational ideas and applications for critical times. New York: Routledge.
Nisbet, R. A. (1967). The Sociological Tradition. London: Heinemann.
Noah, H. (1966). Financing Soviet schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
Noah, H.J., & Eckstein, M.A. (1969). Toward a science of comparative education. New York: Macmillan.
Nóvoa, A., & Lawn, M. (Eds.) (2002). Fabricating Europe: the formation of an education space. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ozga, J., Seddon, T., & Popkewitz, T. S. (Eds.) (2006). World Yearbook of Education 2006, Education Research and Policy: steering the knowledge-based economy. London: Routledge.
Palomba, D., & Cappa, C. (Eds.) (2018). Comparative studies in education in Southern Europe [Special Issue]. Comparative Education, 54(3).
Paulston, R. (2009). Mapping comparative education after post-modernity. In R. Cowen & A.M. Kazamias (Eds.), International Handbook of Comparative Education (pp. 965-990). Dordrecht: Springer.
Phillips, D. 2004. Toward a Theory of Policy Attraction in Education. In G. Steiner-Khamsi (Ed.), Lessons from Elsewhere: The politics of educational borrowing and lending (pp. 54-67). New York: Teachers College Press.
Phillips, D. (2014). ‘Comparatography’, history and policy quotation: some reflections. Comparative Education, 50(1) 73-83.
Phillips, D., & Ochs, K. (2003). Processes of Policy Borrowing in Education: Some analytical and explanatory devices. Comparative Education, 39(4), 451-461.
Phillips, D., & Ochs, K. (Eds.) (2004). Educational Policy Borrowing: historical perspectives. Oxford: Symposium Books.
Popkewitz, T. S. (2008). Inventing the Modern Self and John Dewey: modernities and the travelling of pragmatism in education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Popkewitz, T. S. (Ed.) (2013). Rethinking the history of education: transnational perspectives on its questions, methods and knowledge of schools. New York: Palgrave.
Price, R. F. (1977). Marx and Education in Russia and China. London: Croom Helm.
Rappleye, J. (2012). Educational Policy Transfer in an Era of Globalization: Theory - History - Comparison. Oxford and New York: Peter Lang.
Schneider, F. (1961). The Immanent Evolution of Education: A neglected aspect of comparative education. Comparative Education Review, 4(1), 136-139.
Schriewer, J. (1990). The Method of Comparison and the Need for Externalization: Methodological criteria and sociological concepts. In J. Schriewer in cooperation with B. Holmes (Eds.), Theories and Methods in Comparative Education (pp. 25-83. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Schriewer, J. (Ed.) (2012). Reconceptualising the Global/Local nexus: Meaning constellations in the world society [Special Issue]. Comparative Education, 48(4).
Simola, H. and Risto, R. (2011). Education Policy and Contingency: belief, status and trust behind the Finnish PISA Miracle. In M. A. Pereyra, H-G. Kotthoff & R. Cowen (Eds.), PISA Under Examination: Changing Knowledge, Changing Tests, and Changing Schools, (pp. 225-244). Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
Stoler, A. L. (2001). Tense and tender ties: The politics of comparison in North American history and (post) colonial studies. Journal of American History, 88(3), 829–865.
Silova, I. (Ed.) (2010). Post-socialism is not dead: (re)reading the global in comparative education. UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Sobe, N. & Kowalczyk, J. (2018). Context, entanglement and assemblage as matters of concern in comparative education research. In J. McLeod, N. W. Sobe, T. Seddon (Eds.), Uneven Space-Times in Education: historical sociologies of methods and practices, World Yearbook of Education 2018 (pp. 197-204). London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
Steiner-Khamsi, G. 2000. Transferring Education, Displacing Reforms. In: J. Schriewer (Ed.), Discourse formation in comparative education (pp. 155-187). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Steiner-Khamsi, G. (Ed.) (2004). Lessons from Elsewhere: The politics of educational borrowing and lending. New York: Teachers College Press
Steiner-Khamsi, G. (2009). Comparison: Quo vadis? In R. Cowen & A. M. Kazamias (Eds.), International handbook of comparative education (pp. 1143-1158). Dordrecht: Springer.
Takayama, K., Sriprakash, A, & Connell, R. (2016). Towards a postcolonial comparative and international education. Comparative Education Review, 61(S1), 1-24.
Tomiak, J.J. (1972). World Education Series: The Soviet Union. Hamden: Archon Books.
Tomiak, J. J. (Ed.) (1983). Soviet education in the 1980s. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Troehler, D. (2011). Languages of education: Protestant legacies in educationalization of the world, national identities, and global aspirations. New York: Routledge.
Turner, R. H. (1960). Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System. American Sociological Review, 25, 855-67.
Ulich, R. (1968). History of Educational Thought (revised edition). Chicago: American Book Company.
Ulich, R. (Ed.) (1964). Education and the Idea of Mankind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Welch, A. R. (2001). Globalization, Post-modernity and the State: Comparative education for the third millenium. Comparative Education 37(4), 475-492.
Whitehead, C. (2003). Colonial Educators: The British Indian and Colonial Education Service 1858-1983. London: I. B. Tauris.
Whitehead, C. (2005). The historiography of British Imperial education policy. History of Education, 34(3), 315-329.
Wilkinson, R. (1964). The Prefects: British leadership and the public school tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
