Enfoques de aprendizaje y perspectiva temporal: persistencia en estudiantes universitarios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.25552Palabras clave:
persistencia académica, enfoques de aprendizaje, perspectiva temporal de futuro, estudiantes de primer año, educación superiorResumen
El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el papel de los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro en la persistencia académica de estudiantes universitarios de primer año. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 453 estudiantes de grado de primer año de la Universidad de Sevilla (España). Para medir la probabilidad de persistencia de los estudiantes, se emplearon los tres predictores significativos de la traducción al español del Cuestionario de Persistencia Universitaria (College Persistence Questionnaire, CPQ). Además, se utilizaron el cuestionario revisado de procesos de estudio de dos factores (Revised Two Factor Study Process Questionnaire, RSPQ-2F) y el inventario de perspectiva temporal (Time Perspective Inventory) para medir, respectivamente, los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro. Un análisis de clúster jerárquico permitió la identificación de dos grupos de estudiantes con alta y baja probabilidad de persistencia. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística por pasos para evaluar la contribución de los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro a la explicación de la probabilidad de persistencia de los estudiantes. Nuestros resultados mostraron que ambos constructos son predictores significativos de la persistencia de los estudiantes universitarios. Los estudiantes con enfoque profundo y con una visión positiva de su futuro tienen mayor probabilidad de persistir en sus estudios que aquellos estudiantes con enfoque superficial de aprendizaje y una perspectiva de futuro negativa. Teniendo en cuenta que se ha demostrado que es posible provocar cambios en los enfoques de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, nuestros hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de utilizar metodologías de enseñanza que faciliten la utilización del enfoque profundo de aprendizaje para prevenir el abandono de los estudiantes.
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
