The ethnic composition of Kazakhstan and reforms of “kazakhization” in education.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.47.2025.40435Keywords:
secondary education, Kazakhstan, education system, factor anaysisAbstract
This study explores the relationship between ethnic composition and educational achievements in Kazakhstan. The investigation centers on the impact of "kazakhization" policies on the population. Factor analysis has revealed two major factors that influence immigration flows, economic prosperity, and academic achievements. The data frame considered demographic, economic, and academic statistics from different regions to examine the correlation between a series of variables. The data showed the existence of two patterns: a positive correlation between the proportion of ethnic European groups and PISA results (r = 0.89), and a negative correlation between PISA results and regions with a Turkic ethnic majority (r = -0.89). Another factor revealed a positive factor loading on poverty (r = 1) and regions with high immigration (r = 0.38). The study suggests that nationalistic "kazakhization" reforms aimed at revitalizing traditional elements discriminate against ethnic minorities and produce emigration waves. Educational policies promoting multiculturalism, as suggested by the government in response to this problem, have not yet proven to be effective.
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