La asociación entre acoso y ciberacoso escolar y el efecto predictor de la desconexión moral: una revisión bibliométrica basada en la teoría de grafos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.29995Palabras clave:
población en edad escolar, violencia, agresión, desarrollo moral, empatíaResumen
El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la producción científica y la evidencia empírica sobre la relación entre acoso y ciberacoso y el efecto predictor de la desconexión moral en niños(as) y adolescentes. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en Scopus y Web of Science. Para el análisis se utilizó bibliometrix, Sci2 Tool y Gephi. Se encontró que, entre el año 2000 y 2020, la producción científica se incrementó entre un 29% y un 53%. El análisis de clúster mostró tres perspectivas de investigación. La primera estuvo enfocada al análisis de las diferencias y similitudes entre el acoso y ciberacoso. Se discutió si el acoso y el ciberacoso son un mismo fenómeno. Se encontró que las intenciones, motivaciones, la tendencia a la repetición de la conducta, los perfiles y roles de poder de los intimidadores son diferentes en el acoso y el ciberacoso. La segunda estuvo enfocada al análisis de los efectos de la desconexión moral sobre el acoso escolar. Se encontró que la activación de la desconexión moral por parte de las víctimas son un factor de riesgo para modelar conductas de intimidación en el futuro. Las dinámicas sociales del grupo, las relaciones de amistad y la empatía fueron factores que median y moderan la asociación entre la desconexión moral y el acoso escolar. La última perspectiva se orientó al análisis de los efectos de la desconexión moral sobre el ciberacoso. Se encontró que la desconexión moral es un predictor de la victimización e intimidación por ciberacoso. La tendencia empática, la identidad moral, los rasgos de ira, el clima escolar y la amabilidad son factores que median y moderan los efectos de la desconexión moral sobre el ciberacoso. Se concluye que el acoso y ciberacoso son el resultado de la influencia de factores socio morales, emocionales y relacionales.
Descargas
Citas
Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyber bullying among adolescents: The role of affective &cognitive empathy, & gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3 PMID:20238160
Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). Cyber and school bullying: Same or different phenomena? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.013
Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11 (4), 959-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Almeida, A., Correia, I., Marinho, S., & Garcia, D. (2012). Virtual but not less real: A study of cyberbullying and its relations to moral disengagement and empathy. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 223-244). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119954484.ch11
Bakioğlu, F., & Çapan, B. E. (2019). Moral Disengagement and Cyber Bullying, A Mediator Role of Emphatic Tendency. International Journal of Technoethics, 10(2), 22- 34. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijt.2019070102
Baldry, A. C. (1998). Bullying among Italian Middle School Students. School Psychology International, 19(4), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034398194007
Bandura, A. (1990). Selective Activation and Disengagement of Mora Control. Journal of Social Issues, 46 (1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560. 1990.tb00270.x
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119, https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
Barragán, A. B., Molero, M., Pérez, M., Simón, M., Martos, Á., Sisto, M., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2021). Study of Cyberbullying among Adolescents in Recent Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063016
Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Ourda, D., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2015). Tackling psychosocial risk factors for adolescent cyberbullying: Evidence from a school-based intervention. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21625
Bauman, S. (2007). Cyberbullying: a virtual menace. University of Arizona. https://www.academia.edu/3409628/Cyberbullying_a_virtual_menace
Bauman, S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(6), 803–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609350927
Bauman, S. (2013). Cyberbullying: What does research tell us? Theory Into Practice, 52, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.829727
Bauman, S., & Newman, M. L. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyber bullying. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029867
Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. https://gephi.org/publications/gephi-bastian-feb09.pdf
Berger, K. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27(1), 90–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002
Bjärehed, M., Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Gini, G. (2019a). Individual moral disengagement and bullying among Swedish fifth graders: The role of collective moral disengagement and pro-bullying behavior within classrooms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), NP9576–NP9600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519860889
Bjärehed, M., Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Gini, G. (2019b). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their associations with indirect bullying, direct bullying, and pro-aggressive bystander behavior. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(1), 28-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824745
Blondel, V., Guillaume, J.P., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 10, 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Brailovskaia, J., Teismann, T., & Margraf, J. (2018). Cyberbullying, positive mental health and suicide ideation/behavior. Psychiatry Research, 267, 240–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.074
Brunstein, A., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18
Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015a). The role of moral disengagement and self-efficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.954045
Bussey, K., Quinn, C., & Dobson, J. (2015b). The moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking on the relationship between moral disengagement and aggression. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 61(1), 10–29. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0010
Camodeca, M., Baiocco, R., & Posa, O. (2018). Homophobic bullying and victimization among adolescents: The role of prejudice, moral disengagement, and sexual orientation. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1466699
Caravita, S. C. S., Sijtsema, J. J., Rambaran, J. A., & Gini, G. (2014). Peer Influences on Moral Disengagement in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(2), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9953-1
Casper, D. M., & Card, N. A. (2017). Overt and relational victimization: A meta-analytic review of their overlap and associations with social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 88(2), 466–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12621
Cassidy, W., Faucher, C., & Jackson, M. (2013). Cyberbullying among youth: A comprehensive review of current international research and its implications and application to policy and practice. School Psychology International, 34(6), 575–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479697
Chen, L., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2016). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634037
Chester, K. L., Callaghan, M., Cosma, A., Donnelly, P., Craig, W., Walsh, S., & Molcho, M. (2015). Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children aged 11, 13 and 15 from 2002 to 2010. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv029
Cuadrado, I., & Fernández, I. (2019). Analysis of Moral Disengagement as a Modulating Factor in Adolescents’ Perception of Cyberbullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01222
Doyle, F. L., & Bussey, K. (2017). Moral disengagement and children’s propensity to tell coached lies. Journal of Moral Education, 47(1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1380611
Englander, E., & Muldowney, A. M. (2007). Just turn the darn thing off: Understanding cyberbullying. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48826404.pdf
Falla, D., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Runions, K., & Romera, E. M. (2020). Why do victims becomeperpetrators of peer bullying? Moral disengagement in the cycle of violence. Youth & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x20973702
Fauman, M. A. (2008). Review of Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age [Review of the book Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age, by R. M. Kowalski, S. P. Limber & P. W. Agatston]. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 780–781. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020226
Fitzpatrick, S., & Bussey, K. (2017). The role of moral disengagement on social bullying in dyadic very best friendships, Journal of School Violence, 17(4), 417-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1355810
García, G., Joffre, V. M., Martínez, G. J., & Llanes, A. (2011). Ciberbullying: forma virtual de intimidación escolar. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 40(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60108-6
Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: what’s wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20153
Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hymel, S. (2014). Moral disengagement among children and youth: A meta‐analytic review of links to aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21502
Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Bussey, K. (2015). The role of individual and collective moral disengagement in peer aggression and bystanding: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(3), 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9920-7
Goodboy, A., & Martin, M. (2015). The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the dark triad. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.052.
Gómez, A. S. (2019). Prosocialidad. Estado actual de la investigación en Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 10(1), 188-218. https://doi.org/10.21501/22161201.3065
Gómez, A. S. (2021). Perspectivas de estudio sobre el comportamiento suicida en niños y adolescentes: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando la teoría de grafos. Psicología desde el Caribe, 38(3), 1-55. http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/viewFile/13628/214421445157
Gómez, A, S., & Narváez, M. (2019). Mecanismos de desconexión moral y su relación con la empatía y la prosocialidad en adolescentes que han tenido experiencias delictivas. Revista de Psicología, 37(2), 603-64. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.201902.010
Gómez, A., & Narváez, M. (2020). Tendencias Prosociales y su Relación con la Empatía y la Autoeficacia Emocional en Adolescentes en Vulnerabilidad Psicosocial. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 29, 129-151. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v29n2.78430
Gómez, A. S., & Durán, N. M. (2021). The protective role of empathy and emotional self-efficacy in predicting moral disengagement in adolescents separated from illegal armed groups. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31(1), 127 - 136. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a10
Gómez, A. S., & Landinez, D. A. (2021). Moral disengagement mechanisms and its relationship with aggression and bullying behaviour among school children and youth at psychosocial risk. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2021.1945801
Herrera-López, M., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Bullying y cyberbullying en latinoamérica. Un estudio bibliométrico. Revista mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 23(76), 125-155.
Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. PNAS, 102(46), 16569–16572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102
Hymel, S., & Bonanno, R. A. (2014). Moral disengagement processes in bullying. Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947219
Hymel, S., & Perren, S. (2015). Introduction to the special issue: Moral disengagement and aggression in children and youth. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 61(1), 1–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0001
Jaro, M. A. (1989). Advances in record-linkage methodology as applied to matching the 1985 Census of Tampa, Florida. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(406), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.2307/2289924
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20154
Koyanagi, A., Oh, H., Carvalho, A. F., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., & DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.10.018
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15, 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9168-9
Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., Dalara, E., Koufogazou, A., & Papatziki, A. (2013). Cyber-bullying, personality and coping among pre-adolescents. International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology & Learning, 3(4), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2013100104.
Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E (2017). Bullying, moral disengagement and empathy: exploring the links among early adolescents. Educational Psychology, 38(4), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1363376
Lazuras, L., Brighi, A., Barkoukis, V., Guarini, A., Tsorbatzoudis, H., & Genta, M. L. (2019). Moral disengagement and risk prototypes in the context of adolescent cyberbullying: Findings from two countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01823
Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools. School Psychology International, 27(2), 157–170. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034306064547
Li, Q. (2010). Cyberbullying in high schools: A study of students’ behaviors and beliefs about this new phenomenon. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(4), 372–392. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771003788979
Lozano, R., Cortés, A., & Latorre, P. (2020). Being a cybervictim and a cyberbully – The duality of cyberbullying: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 111 106444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106444
Mazzone, A., Camodeca, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Interactive effects of guilt and moral disengagement on bullying, defending and outsider behavior. Journal of Moral Education, 45(4), 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1216399
Menesini, E., Codecasa, E, Bonelli, B., & Cowie, H. (2003). Enhancing children’s responsibility to take action against bullying: Evaluation of a befriending intervention in Italian middle schools. Aggressive Behavior, 29(1), 1-14 https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.80012
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., Scheithauer, H., Schultze, A., Luik, P., Naruskov, K., Blaya, C., Berthaud, J., & Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six european countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0040
Mingers, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2015). A review of theory and practice in scientometrics. European Journal of Operational Research, 246(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.002
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moore, C. (2015). Moral disengagement. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.018
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying Prevalence Across Contexts: A Meta-analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Obermann, M. L. (2010). Moral disengagement in self-reported and peer-nominated school bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 37(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20378
Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03172807
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
Olweus, D. (2013). School Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 751–780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516
Perren, S., & Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, E. (2012). Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in adolescence: Differential roles of moral disengagement, moral emotions, and moral values. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643168
Petruccelli, I., Barbaranelli, C., Costantino, V., Gherardini, A., Grilli, S., Craparo, G., & D’Urso, G. (2017). Moral Disengagement and Psychopathy: A Study on Offenders in Italian Jails. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1291291
Pozzoli, T., Gini, G., & Vieno, A. (2012a). Individual and Class Moral Disengagement in Bullying Among Elementary School Children. Aggressive Behavior, 38(5), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21442
Pozzoli, T., Gini, G., & Vieno, A. (2012b). The role of individual correlates and class norms in defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: A multilevel analysis. Child Development, 83, 1917–1931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01831.x.
Robledo, S., Osorio, G., & López, C. (2014). Networking en pequeña empresa: una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la teoría de grafos. Revista Vinculos, 11(2), 6-16. https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/9664/10837
Runions, K. C., & Bak, M. (2015). Online Moral Disengagement, Cyberbullying, and Cyber-Aggression. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(7), 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0670
Runions, K. C., Shaw, T., Bussey, K., Thornberg, R., Salmivalli, C., & Cross, D. S. (2019). Moral disengagement of pure bullies and bully/victims: shared and distinct mechanisms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(9), 1835–1848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01067-2
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
Sci2 Team. (2009). Science of Science (Sci2) Tool. Indiana University and SciTech Strategies. https://sci2.cns.iu.edu
Sijtsema, J. J., Rambaran, J. A., Caravita, S. C. S., & Gini, G. (2014). Friendship selection and influence in bullying and defending: Effects of moral disengagement. Developmental Psychology, 50(8), 2093–2104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037145
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Steffgen, G., Ko, A., Pfetsch, J., & Melzer, A. (2011). Are Cyberbullies Less Empathic? Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Behavior & Empathic Responsiveness. Cyberpsychology, Behavıor, & Social Networking, 14(11), 643-648. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0445
Sutton, J., & Smith, P. K. (1999). Bullying as a group process: An adaptation of the participant role approach. Aggressive Behavior, 25(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:2<97::aid-ab3>3.0.co;2-7
Thornberg, R., & Jungert, T. (2013). School bullying and the mechanisms of moral disengagement. Aggressive Behavior, 40(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21509
Thornberg, R., Pozzoli, T., Gini, G., & Jungert, T. (2015). Unique and interactive effects of moral emotions and moral disengagement on bullying and defending among school children. The Elementary School Journal, 116(2), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1086/683985
Twyman, K., Saylor, C., Taylor, L. A., & Comeaux, C. (2010). Comparing children and adolescents engaged in cyberbullying to matched peers. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(2), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0137
UNESCO. (2019). Organización de las naciones unidas para la educación, la ciencia y la cultura. https://es.unesco.org/news/violencia-y-acoso-escolares-son-problema-mundial-segun-nuevo-informe-unesco
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
Van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F., & Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the big five, dark triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063.
Valencia, D. S., Robledo, S., Pinilla, R., Duque. N. D., & Olivar, G. (2020). SAP Algorithm for Citation Analysis: An improvement to Tree of Science. Ingeniería e Investigación, 40(1), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v40n1.77718
Walters, G. D. (2017). Callous-unemotional traits and moral disengagement as antecedents to the peer influence effect: moderation or mediation? Journal of Crime and Justice, 41(3), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.2017.1284688
Walters, G. D. (2020). School-age bullying victimization and perpetration: a metaanalysis of prospective studies and research. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513
Wang, C., Ryoo, J. H., Swearer, S. M., Turner, R., & Goldberg, T. S. (2016). Longitudinal Relationships between Bullying and Moral Disengagement among Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(6), 1304–1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0577-0
Wang, X., Lei, L., Liu, D., & Hu, H. (2016). Moderating effects of moral reasoning and gender in the relationship between moral disconnection and cyber bullying in adolescents. Personality and individual differences, 98, 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.056
Wang, X., Lei, L., Yang, J., Gao, L., & Zhao, F. (2017). Moral disengagement as mediator & moderator of the relation netween empathy & aggression among Chinese male juvenile delinquents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48(2), 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0643-6
Wang, X., Yang, L., Yang, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2017). Trait anger and cyberbullying among young adults: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and moral identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 1-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.073
Wang, X., Zhao, F., Yang, J., & Lei, L. (2019). School Climate and adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration: A moderated mediation nodel of noral disengagement and friends’ moral identity. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051986008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519860089
White, J., Bandura, A., & Bero, L. A. (2009). Moral fisengagement in the corporate world. Accountability in Research, 16(1), 41–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989620802689847
Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying: Addressing the harm caused by online social cruelty. http://clubtnt.org/safeOnline/printResources/EducatorsGuideToCyberbullyingAddressingTheHarm.pdf
Zelidman, A. (2014). Empathy as a moderator of adolescent bullying behavior &moral disengagement after controlling for social desirability. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Wayne State University, USA.
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., & Gao, X. (2019). The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among college students: the mediating effect of moral disengagement. Current Psychology, 38, 1162–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0005-6
Zych, I., & Llorent, V. J. (2018). Affective empathy and moral disengagement related to late adolescent bullying perpetration. Ethics & Behavior, 29(7), 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2018.1521282
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
