El exilio interior y el destierro de las maestras australianas en un sistema escolar estatal centralizado y patriarcal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/hme.17.2023.33121Palabras clave:
Maestras, Prohibición del matrimonio, Patriarcado, Sistema escolar estatal centralizadoResumen
Este artículo explora las luchas de las maestras australianas por la igualdad con los hombres desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Aunque Australia pretendía ser una nación democrática progresista, los sistemas escolares estatales patriarcales centralizados dependían de las maestras para cumplir con los requisitos de la escolarización gratuita, obligatoria y laica. Este estudio se centra en el estado de Australia meridional, donde las mujeres obtuvieron el derecho al voto en 1894, muy por delante de los países europeos. Sin embargo, las maestras fueron sometidas a un exilio interior en el sistema escolar estatal, y desterradas por la barrera matrimonial. El artículo comienza con la construcción del sistema escolar estatal de Australia del Sur a finales del siglo XIX. La aplicación de la prohibición del matrimonio creó una profesión diferenciada de muchas mujeres jóvenes y solteras que enseñaban antes de casarse; unas pocas mujeres casadas que necesitaban un ingreso; y una cohorte de mujeres solteras de edad avanzada que hicieron de la enseñanza una carrera para toda la vida e impugnaron otras formas de subordinación a las que estaban sujetas todas las maestras. Encabezadas por este último grupo, las profesoras de Australia del Sur persiguieron la igualdad en los sindicatos mixtos de profesores de principios del siglo XX y en las organizaciones de mujeres posteriores al sufragio, y crearon el Women Teachers Guild en 1937 para garantizar unas condiciones de empleo más igualitarias. El documento concluye con la situación después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las mujeres casadas fueron readmitidas en el sistema escolar estatal para resolver la escasez de maestros; y las campañas por la igualdad de salarios cobraron impulso. En Australia Meridional, la prohibición del matrimonio se eliminó finalmente en 1972.
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
