Sentimiento de culpa deontológico y sentimiento de culpa altruista: Una tesis dualista
Palabras clave:
sentimiento de culpa, sentimiento de culpa altruista, sentimiento de culpa deontológico, normas morales, ascoResumen
En este artículo planteamos la tesis de la existencia de dos sentimientos de culpa bien distintos entre sí: el sentimiento de culpa deontológico y el sentimiento de culpa altruista. La tesis dualista se contrapone a las tesis tradicionales monistas que aparecen en la literatura sobre la culpa (por ejemplo en los enfoques intrapsíquicos o psicoanalíticos vs. los interpersonales). Defendemos que los dos sentimientos de culpa son distintos por algunas características fundamentales, presentando las pruebas de esta diferencia: pruebas conductuales, cognitivas e incluso neuronales y neurofisiológicas. Señalamos finalmente, como estos dos sentimientos de culpa se conectan con otras funciones mentales y con otras emociones. El sentimiento de culpa altruista, en efecto, se halla estrechamente conectado con la pena, con la empatía y la ToM (Theory of Mind), mientras que el deontológico se lo está con el asco, y casi se sobrepone a él. Una posible implicación importante de la tesis que aquí se sostiene es que los dos sentimientos de culpa pueden originarse a partir de dos recorridos evolutivos diversos. El sentimiento de culpa altruista (i.e., la moral altruista) podría derivarse de la motivación por el cuidado, mientras que el sentimiento de culpa deontológico (i.e., la moral deontológica), podría provenir del asco.
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