EMDR Desde la Investigación: Mecanismo de Acción, Eficacia Comparativa y Aplicación Clínica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.v36i132.45971Palabras clave:
EMDR, TEPT, trauma, trauma complejo, disociación, mecanismos de acción, eficacia comparativaResumen
La terapia Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR) es una de las intervenciones psicológicas más viables y eficaces para el tratamiento del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático. Aunque las consecuencias de los eventos traumáticos no se limitan al TEPT, la definición de esta patología ha llevado al desarrollo de tratamientos específicamente orientados al trauma, que son más beneficiosos en estos cuadros. Este trabajo revisa la evolución de la terapia EMDR, sus fundamentos neurobiológicos, mecanismos de acción y evidencia clínica comparativa con otras terapias focalizadas en el trauma como las basadas en la exposición y la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual centrada en trauma. A través del modelo de Procesamiento Adaptativo de la Información, EMDR permite reprocesar recuerdos traumáticos almacenados de forma disfuncional, facilitando su integración en redes de memoria adaptativas. Se analizan hallazgos recientes en neuroimagen funcional que respaldan este modelo, destacando el rol del precuneus, la Red por Defecto y estructuras límbicas en la reorganización neural durante el tratamiento. EMDR ha mostrado una eficacia comparable a otros abordajes de trauma, con una mayor eficiencia y una menor tasa de abandonos. Se discute su eficacia transdiagnóstica en trastornos comórbidos como depresión, dolor crónico, adicciones y trastorno obsesivo compulsivo. Nuevas investigaciones que profundicen en los mecanismos subyacentes y aplicaciones clínicas del EMDR como herramienta terapéutica integradora son necesarios.
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