Tormenta Perfecta: Examen de alto riesgo y tutorías privadas en Egipto

Auteurs-es

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.40.2022.31510

Résumé

Este artículo presenta la evidencia más reciente sobre la llamada educación en la sombra en Egipto y desde ahí analiza cómo la reforma educativa iniciada en 2018 ha tratado de cambiar la cultura tanto de la educación pública como de las tutorías privadas a través de la eliminación del examen externo al final de la Secundaria. La fuerte polémica política que esta reforma ha encontrado se aborda junto con los errores de comunicación y los vacíos de evidencia disponible, y se presentan como conclusión las opciones para avanzar. En la mayor parte de los países, existe una relación de simbiosis entre las tutorías privadas y los sistemas públicos de escolarización. En buena medida, ambos crecen gracias al otro. La existencia de exámenes externos “con consecuencias” (o de “alto riesgo”) alimenta dicha simbiosis, aunque, en casos como el de Egipto, la industria de las tutorías privadas se ha hecho tan poderosa que ha comenzado a parasitar la escolarización pública y, en cierta medida, a suplantarla. Las aulas vacías en los dos últimos años de Secundaria, y un volumen de inversión privada de las familias en tutorías privadas que rivaliza con la que hace el Estado en la escuela pública, además de un profesorado cuyos incentivos salariales dependen precisamente del Examen, señalan que la línea entre simbiosis y parasitismo se cruzó hace ya tiempo.

 

Téléchargements

Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.

Références

Abdel-Moneim, M. A. (2021). In search of a school façade: Explaining the centrality of private tutoring among high-performing students in Egypt. International Journal of Education Development 83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102384

Albawabhnews (2021). The Future of a Student. Cairo, May 8, 2021 (original in Arabic). Recovered from https://www.albawabhnews.com/4337247

Assaad, R., and Krafft, C. (2015). Is Free Basic Education in Egypt a Reality or a Myth?. International Journal of Educational Development 45, 16–30.

Bray, M. (2009). Confronting the Shadow Education System: What government policies for what Private Tutoring? Paris: UNESCO-IIEP.

Bray, M. (2013). Shadow Education: Comparative Perspectives on the Expansion and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 77, 412–420.

Bray, M. & Kwo, O. (2014). Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good: Policy Options for Supplementary Education in Asia. Bangkok: UNESCO and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/Mono-10.pdf

Bray, Mark (2021): Shadow Education in Africa: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Policy Implications. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/books/shadow-education-in-africa-private-supplementary-tutoring-and-its-policy-implications/

CAPMAS (2016). Household Expenditure Survey. Cairo. https://www.capmas.gov.eg/HomePage.aspx.

Dang, H. A., and Rogers, F.H. (2008). The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources? World Bank Research Observer 23(2), 161–200.

Eckstein, M., and Noah, H. (1993). Secondary School Examinations: International Perspectives on Policies and Practice. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Egypt, Arab Republic (2018). Labor Market Panel Survey, ELMPS 2018, Cairo. http://www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/157

Elbadawy, A., Dennis Ahlburg, R. A., and Levison, D. (2009). “Private and Group Tutoring in Egypt: Where Is the Gender Inequality?” In Paper Presented at the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference. Marrakech, September 27-October 2, 2009.

Enterprise (2019). The rise of college prep industry in Egypt. November 25, 2019. Recovered from https://enterprise.press/stories/2019/11/25/the-rise-of-the-college-prep-industry-in-egypt-6986/

Ille, S. (2015). Private Tutoring in Egypt: Quality Education in a Deadlock between Low Income, Status and Motivation. ECES Working Papers (178).

Ille, S. and Peacey, M. (2019). Forced private tutoring in Egypt: Moving away from a corrupt social norm. International Journal of Educational Development, 66, 105-118.

Jayachandran, S. (2014). Incentives to Teach Badly: After-School Tutoring in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 108, 190–205.

Hartman, S. (2008). The informal market of education in Egypt: Private tutoring and its implications. Working Paper 88. Department of Anthropology and African Studies. Johannes Gutenberg University.

Kellaghan, T. and Greaney, V. (2019). Public Examinations Examined. Washington DC. The World Bank.

Lee, W.O. (2004). Equity and Access to Education: Themes, Tensions, and Policies. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

Liu, J., and Bray, M. (2017). Determinants of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in China: Findings from a National Survey. Education Economics 25(2), 205–218.

Mishra, S. (2010). Bihar Passes Bill to Regulate Coaching Institutes. Recovered from http://www.igovernment.in/site/bihar-passesbill-%0Aregulate-coaching-institutes-37262.

Moreno, J.M. (2006). “The dynamics of curriculum design and development: scenarios for

curriculum evolution”, in Benavot, A. & Bravlasky, C. (Eds.): School curricula for global citizenship: Comparative and Historical perspectives on Educational Contents, Hong-Kong, Comparative Education Center of the University of Hong-Kong, Chapter 11, 195-211.

Sobhy, H. (2012). The de-Facto Privatization of Secondary Education in Egypt: A Study of Private Tutoring in Technical and General Schools. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 42(1), 47–67.

Saavedra, J. (2010). Shaking up Egypt´s Education System. World Bank Blog. Recovered from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/shaking-egypts-public-education-system

Spade Consulting (2019). Draft Communications Strategy. Unpublished Working Document, Cairo.

World Bank (2013). Egypt: SABER Student Assessment Report. Washington DC. The World Bank.

Téléchargements

Publié-e

2021-12-23

Comment citer

Moreno Olmedilla, J. M. (2021). Tormenta Perfecta: Examen de alto riesgo y tutorías privadas en Egipto. Revista Española de Educación Comparada, (40), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.40.2022.31510