Redes sociales digitales en la migración trasnacional romá de Rumanía. Una "polymedia" transnacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rdh.35.2018.19813Palabras clave:
Migración Romá rumana, Transnacionalismo, Redes sociales digitales, Facebook, Copresencia, Romanian Roma migration, Transnationalism, Digital social networks, Co-presenceResumen
Resumen: En este artículo estudiamos la convergencia de la migración romá rumana posterior a 1989 con el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) a partir de ese mismo período. Para ello hemos partido del trabajo etnográfico previo realizado durante dos campañas entre 2003-2007 y 2013-2016 respectivamente con siete redes romá Korturare procedentes de las regiones rumanas de Transilvania y el Bánato, centrándonos en tres de ellas por su presencia en la ciudad de Granada. El rol de los recursos de polymedia, un entorno emergente de posibilidades comunicativas, facilita y alienta los desplazamientos migratorios al reducir incertidumbres y permitir experiencias de copresencia (digitalizada) en un contexto transnacional. Esta situación favorece dinámicas de reproducción y control cultural, pero a la vez habilita y permite usos diferenciados en polymedia que esbozan transformaciones en las costumbres romá.
Abstract: In this paper we explore the convergence of two contemporary parallel processes: the post-1990 transnational migration of Roma groups from some Eastern European countries, particularly Romania to the West, and the growing use by these populations of the expanding social media derived from the revolutionary development of new ICT (information and communication technologies). We have followed some groups from Transylvania and Banat to their western diaspora in a long-term ethnographic work that started in 2003 and was retaken in a recent ethnographic project (2013-2017). We have studied primarily groups living in Andalusia, although their family networks are extended today over more than 30 localities in a dozen of European and North American countries. These networks of networks form a social space or commuinity or reference that is largely maintained through digital communication. The different social media and communication options (from Facebook to cheap phone calls) generate a new kind of virtual environment or polymedia (Madianou and Miller 2011, 2012). In this paper we explore the effects of this new social space of communication in three major aspects of Roma social life: 1)Its effects in facilitating, supporting and inducing mobility and migration; 2) In cultural reproduction and transformation through the maintenance of specific systems of family, marriage, gender and conflict resolution, including the online transmission of public trials and courts (kris), funerary rituals and elaborated marriage ceremonies, including betrothal (mangaimo) and weddings (abev); and 3)In new processes of social distinction and differentiation following fracture lines of class, gender and generation.
Descargas
Citas
Adams, Kathleen. (2015). Families, Funerals and Facebook: Reimag(in)ing and “Curating” Toraja Kin in Trans-local Times. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, (March), 1–28.
Aguirre, Alwin & Davies, Graham (2015). Imperfect strangers: Picturing place, family, and migrant identity on Facebook. Discourse, Context and Media, 7, 3–17.
Alonso, Andoni & Oiarzabal, Pedro J. (2010) (Eds.). Diasporas in the New Media Age: Identity, Politics, and Community. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
Anghel, Remus Gabriel (2013). Romanian in Western Europe: Migration, status dilemmas, and transnational connections. New York: Lexington Books.
Aretxabala, María Esther; Riezu Arregui, Xabier & Setién Santamaría, María Luisa (2015). Factores que influyen en el aprovechamiento de las TIC por parte de las asociaciones de inmigrantes. In Francisco Javier García Castaño, Antolín Megías Megías, & Juan Ortega Torres (Eds.), Actas del VIII Congreso sobre Migraciones Internacionales en España (Granada, 16- 18 de septiembre de 2015) (pp. S29/25–S29/36). Granada: Instituto de Migraciones.
Baldassar, Loretta; Kilkey, Majella; Merla, Laura & Wilding, Raelene. (2014). Transnational Families. In Judith Treas, Jacqueline Scott, & Martin Richards (Eds.), The Sociology of Families (pp. 155–175). Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Baldassar, Loretta; Nedelcu, Mihaela; Merla, Laura & Wilding, Raelene (2016). ICT-based co-presence in transnational families and communities: challenging the premise of face-to-face proximity in sustaining relationships. Global Networks, 16(2), 133–144.
Beluschi-Fabeni, Giuseppe (2013). Roma Korturare entre Transilvania y Andalucía: procesos migratorios y reproducción cultural. Granada: Universidad de Granada.
Beluschi-Fabeni, Giuseppe; Gamella, Juan F. & Gómez Oehler, Elisabeth (2015). Extended Survey Report. UGR. MigRom: The Inmigration of Romanian Roma to Western Europe: Causes, Effects, and Future Engagements Strategies. MigRom Project.
Beluschi-Fabeni, Giuseppe; Gómez-Oehler, Elisabeth y Muntean, Vasile (2017). Funerale 2.0. Riti digitali ed emigrazione dei Rom Korturare. Zapruder, 42(1), 98–105.
Benarrosh-Orsoni, Norah (2016). Phones, Small Talk and Disputes. Transnational Communications and Community Cohesion among Roma Migrants in the Outskirts of Paris. Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales, 32(1), 147–163.
Beneito-Montagut, Roser (2011). Ethnography goes online: towards a user-centred methodology to research interpersonal communication on the internet. Qualitative Research, (11), 716–735.
Cairncross, Frances (1997). The death of distance: how the communications revolution will change our lives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Capogrossi, María Lorena, Magallanes, Mariana & Soraire, Florencia (2015). Los desafíos de Facebook: Apuntes para el abordaje de las redes sociales como fuente. Revista de Antropología Experimental, (15), 47–63.
Castles, Stephen; de Haas, Hein & Miller, Mark (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York: The Guilford Press.
Coleman, James (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
Coleman, David (2006). Immigration and Ethnic Change in Low‐Fertility Countries: A Third Demographic Transition. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 401–446.
Coleman, David (2008). The demographic effects of international migration in Europe. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3), 452–476.
Coleman, David (2009). Divergent patterns in the ethnic transformation of societies. Population and Development Review, 35(3), 449–478.
Dekker, Rianne & Engbersen, Godfried (2012). How social media transform migrant networks and facilitate migration. Global Networks, 14(4), 401–418.
Diminescu, Dana (2008). The connected migrant: an epistemological manifesto. Social Science Information, 47(4), 565–579.
Donato, Katharine & Massey, Douglas (2016). Twenty-First-Century Globalization and Illegal Migration. The Annals of the American Academy, (666), 7–26.
Dumbrava, Costica (2017). Reproducing the nation: reproduction, citizenship and ethno-demographic survival in post-communist Romania. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(9), 1490–1507.
Erjavec, Karmen (2001). Media Representation of the Discrimination against the Roma in Eastern Europe: The Case of Slovenia. Discourse & Society, (12), 699–727.
Fussell, Elizabeth (2010). The cumulative causation of international migration in Latin America. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 630(1), 162-177.
Gamella, Juan F. (2007). La inmigración ignorada: Romá/gitanos de Europa oriental en España, 1991-2006. Gazeta de Antropología, (23), 1–26.
Gamella, Juan F.; Beluschi Fabeni, Giuseppe & Gómez Oehler, Elisabeth (2015). Women’s Agency and Women Rights in the Reproductive and Marriage Systems of Romanian Roma: a Study of Seven Transnational Family Networks. In Francisco Javier García Castaño, Antolín Megías Megías, & Juan Ortega Torres (Eds.), Actas del VIII Congreso sobre Migraciones Internacionales en España (pp. 79–91). Granada: Instituto de Migraciones.
Gamella, Juan F.; Beluschi-Fabeni, Giuseppe; Gómez Oehler, Elisabeth & Muntean, Vasile (2017). Founder effects and transnational mutations: The familial structure of a Romani Diaspora. In Yaron Matras & Daniele Leggio (Eds.), Open Borders, Unlocked Cultures: Romanian Roma Migrants in Western Europe (pp. 83–106). London: Routledge.
Gamella, Juan F. (2018). Marriage, Gender and Transnational Migrations in Fertility Transitions of Romanian Roma Women. An Ethnographic Case Study. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 4(2), 57-85.
Glick-Schiller, Nina (2008). Nuevas y viejas cuestiones sobre localidad: teorizar la migración transnacional en un mundo neoliberal. In Carlota Solé, Sònia Parella y Leonardo Cavalcanti (Eds.), Nuevos retos del transnacionalismo en el estudio de las migraciones (pp. 23–45). Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración.
Granovetter, Mark (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
Hine, Christine (2004). Etnografía virtual. Barcelona: UOC.
Hine, Christine (2005). Virtual methods and the sociology of cyber-social-scientific knowledge. Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, 1–13.
Horváth, István (2008). The Culture of Migration of Romanian. Youth Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34(5), 771–786.
Keane, John (1997). Transformaciones estructurales de la esfera pública. Estudios Sociológicos, 15(43), 47–77.
Lášticová, B. (2014). New Media, Social Capital and Transnational Migration: Slovaks in the UK. Human Affairs, 24(4), 406–422. http://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-014-0237-6
Madianou, Mirca & Miller, Daniel (2011). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mother and their left-behind children. New Media & Society, 13(3), 457–470.
Madianou, Mirca & Miller, Daniel (2012a). Migration and New Media. Transnational families and Polymedia. London/New York: Routledge.
Madianou, Mirca & Miller, Daniel (2012b). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187.
Marcu, Silvia (2013). La movilidad transfronteriza de rumanos en España en tiempos de crisis. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 71(1), 115–141.
Marcu, Silvia (2014). Mobility and Identity in a Wider European Union: Experiences of Romanian migrants in Spain. European Societies, 16(1), 136–156.
Marcu, Silvia (2015). From de Marginal Immigrant to the Mobile Citizen: Reconstruction of Identity of Romanian Migrants in Spain. Population, Space and Place, (21), 506–517.
Marcu, Silvia (2017). La movilidad frustrada de los jóvenes rumanos sin hogar en Madrid. XXV Congreso de La AGE. 50 Años de Congreso de Geografía, 1–11.
Marushiakova, Elena & Popov, Vasselin (2007). The Gypsy court in eastern Europe. Romani Studies, (17), 67–101.
Massey, Douglas; Arango, Joaquín; Graeme, Hugo; Kouaouci, Ali; Pellegrino, Adela & Taylor, Edward (1993). Teorías de migración internacional: una revisión y aproximación. Population and Development Review, 19(3).
Massey, Douglas; Arango, Joaquín; Graeme, Hugo; Kovacoi, Ali; Pellegrino, Adela; & Taylor, Edward (2000). Teorías sobre la migración internacional: Una reseña y una evaluación. Revista Trabajo, 2(3), 5–50.
Massey, Douglas; Durand, Jorge & Nolan, Malone (2009). Detrás de la trama. Políticas migratorias entre México y Estados Unidos. México D.F.: Miguel Ángel Porrua.
Matras, Yaron & Leggio, Daniele Viktor (2017). Community identity and mobilisation: Roma migrant experiences in Manchester. In Y. Matras & D. V. Leggio (Eds.), Open Borders, Unlocked Cultures: Romanian Roma Migrants in Western Europe (pp. 151–170). London: Routledge.
Melella, Cecilia (2016). Migración y TIC: Identidades andinas en Facebook. La Trama de La Comunicación, 20(1), 73–88.
Miller, Daniel (2011). Tales from Facebook. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Molina, José Luis; Petermann, Sören & Herz, Andreas (2015). Defining and Measuring Transnational Social Structures. Field Methods, 27(3), 223–243.
Nedelcu, Mihaela (2012). Migrant´s New Transnational Habitus: Rethinking Migration Through a Cosmopolitan Lens in the Digital Age. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1339–1356.
Portes, Alejandro & Böröcz, József (1989). Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation. The International Migration Review, 23(3), 606–630.
Portes, Alejandro (1995). The Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Inmigration. In Alejandro Portes, The Economic Sociology of Inmigration (pp. 1–41). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Shaker, Sahel Farshbaf (2017). A Study of Transnational Communication Among Iranian Migrant Women in Australia. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1–20.
Szmukler, Alicia M. (2015). Bolivianos en la diáspora: representaciones y prácticas comunicativas en el ciberespacio. Buenos Aires: Teseo.
Thongsawang, Sirima (2016). Mobile technology in the lives of Thai Immigrants in Germany. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2), 295–300.
Vertovec, Steven. (2004). "Cheap calls: the social glue of migrant transnationalism." Global networks 4(2), 219-224.
Viruela, Rafael (2016). La movilidad interna e internacional de los inmigrantes rumanos durante la crisis. Scripta Nova, 20 (536), 1–28.
Viruela, Rafael & Torres, Francisco (2017). La movilidad internacional de los inmigrantes ecuatorianos y rumanos durante la crisis económica en España. Studi Emigrazione, (206), 215–234.
Wilding, Raelene (2006). “Virtual” intimaces? Families communicating across transnational contexts. Global Networks, 2(6), 125–142.
Winocur, Rosalía (2001). Redes virtuales y comunidades de internautas: nuevos núcleos de sociabilidad y reorganización de la esfera pública. Revista Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 10 (18), 75–92.
Winocur, Rosalía & Sánchez Martínez, José Alberto, eds. (2015). Redes sociodigitales en México. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los trabajos se publican en Revista de Humanidades bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 4.0 Unported. Los autores conocen y consienten que la distribución de su trabajo se haga mediante el uso de dicha licencia. Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra), no se usen para fines comerciales y se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso. Para cualquier otro uso no especificado en la licencia debe requerirse el consentimiento de los autores.
