Does artificial intelligence redefine election campaigns and their democratic effects?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.122.2025.44742Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Technology, elections, election campaigning, disinformationAbstract
Summary: 1. Electoral technology and its use in campaigning; 2. The technological threat; 3. The digitalization of electoral information (and disinformation); 4. Uses of AI in election campaigns; 5. First responses. 5.1 Self-regulation, 5.2 Legislative response, 5.3 Electoral bodies, 6. Conclusions
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in election campaigns is significantly transforming the political and democratic landscape. AI has introduced new dynamics into electoral processes, impacting the way campaigns are conducted, which can pose a threat to the integrity of democratic systems. Technological innovations affect the way election campaigns are managed and executed. From traditional media such as radio, television and film, to digital platforms, technological evolution has enabled greater persona- lization and effectiveness in political communication. AI facilitates the analysis of large volumes of data, enabling highly segmented and personalized campaigns.
At the same time, technological threats are a growing concern for democracy. Data manipulation, false profiling and cyber-attacks are some of the risks faced by electoral processes. These practices can affect the transparency and fairness of elections, compromising basic principles such as the freedom to vote. Digitalization amplifies both information and disinformation. Political propaganda has become more sophisticated, using AI techniques to create and disseminate disinformative content more effectively. This phenomenon contributes to the fragmentation and polarization of public opinion and can erode trust in the democratic process and institutions.
AI is used to improve the persuasiveness and determent of political parties and candidates. It allows the creation of more sophisticated communication strategies and the optimization of electoral resources. However, it also poses ethical and practical challenges, such as manipulation of reality through deepfakes and extreme segmentation of the electorate.
Responses to the challenges posed by AI in the electoral field have been diverse. Some technology platforms have adopted self-regulatory measures, such as tagging AI-generated content. However, self-regulation has proved to be insufficient, and a more robust legislative response is required to protect the integrity of electoral processes. In some countries, laws prohibiting the use of deepfakes in election campaigns have already been implemented.
AI offers both opportunities and risks, and its impact on democracy de- pends on how its applications are managed and its negative effects mitigated. It is crucial to establish clear national and international regulatory framework covering the use of AI in electoral campaigns. This framework must ensure transparency, fairness and protection of electoral rights. Collaboration between governments, electoral institutions, technology companies and civil society is essential to preserve the integrity and legitimacy of democratic processes in the digital era.
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