A Perfect Storm: High-stakes Examination and Private Tutoring in Egypt

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.40.2022.31510

Resumen

This paper presents the most recent evidence on the prevalence of private tutoring in Egypt and then sets out to discuss how the 2018 “Education 2.0 Reform” is trying to change the culture of both schooling and private tutoring by the replacement of the Thanawiyya Amma examination. The political economy challenges faced by the reform are discussed together with the communication and evidence gaps, and options moving forward are identified and presented as the conclusion. In most countries and in most cases, there is a symbiotic relationship between private tutoring and public schooling systems. To a good extent, both thrive with each other. The existence of external high-stakes examinations helps and fuels such symbiosis although, in cases such as Egypt, the private tutoring industry has become so powerful that it is parasitizing public schooling and somehow supplanting it. Empty secondary classrooms in the last two years of upper secondary education, and a volume of family investment on private tutoring that rivals that of the State in public schooling, together with a teacher force whose key salary incentives are related and dependent on the exam, all signal that the line between symbiosis and parasitism was crossed some time ago.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abdel-Moneim, M. A. (2021). In search of a school façade: Explaining the centrality of private tutoring among high-performing students in Egypt. International Journal of Education Development 83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102384

Albawabhnews (2021). The Future of a Student. Cairo, May 8, 2021 (original in Arabic). Recovered from https://www.albawabhnews.com/4337247

Assaad, R., and Krafft, C. (2015). Is Free Basic Education in Egypt a Reality or a Myth?. International Journal of Educational Development 45, 16–30.

Bray, M. (2009). Confronting the Shadow Education System: What government policies for what Private Tutoring? Paris: UNESCO-IIEP.

Bray, M. (2013). Shadow Education: Comparative Perspectives on the Expansion and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 77, 412–420.

Bray, M. & Kwo, O. (2014). Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good: Policy Options for Supplementary Education in Asia. Bangkok: UNESCO and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/Mono-10.pdf

Bray, Mark (2021): Shadow Education in Africa: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Policy Implications. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/books/shadow-education-in-africa-private-supplementary-tutoring-and-its-policy-implications/

CAPMAS (2016). Household Expenditure Survey. Cairo. https://www.capmas.gov.eg/HomePage.aspx.

Dang, H. A., and Rogers, F.H. (2008). The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources? World Bank Research Observer 23(2), 161–200.

Eckstein, M., and Noah, H. (1993). Secondary School Examinations: International Perspectives on Policies and Practice. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Egypt, Arab Republic (2018). Labor Market Panel Survey, ELMPS 2018, Cairo. http://www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/157

Elbadawy, A., Dennis Ahlburg, R. A., and Levison, D. (2009). “Private and Group Tutoring in Egypt: Where Is the Gender Inequality?” In Paper Presented at the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference. Marrakech, September 27-October 2, 2009.

Enterprise (2019). The rise of college prep industry in Egypt. November 25, 2019. Recovered from https://enterprise.press/stories/2019/11/25/the-rise-of-the-college-prep-industry-in-egypt-6986/

Ille, S. (2015). Private Tutoring in Egypt: Quality Education in a Deadlock between Low Income, Status and Motivation. ECES Working Papers (178).

Ille, S. and Peacey, M. (2019). Forced private tutoring in Egypt: Moving away from a corrupt social norm. International Journal of Educational Development, 66, 105-118.

Jayachandran, S. (2014). Incentives to Teach Badly: After-School Tutoring in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 108, 190–205.

Hartman, S. (2008). The informal market of education in Egypt: Private tutoring and its implications. Working Paper 88. Department of Anthropology and African Studies. Johannes Gutenberg University.

Kellaghan, T. and Greaney, V. (2019). Public Examinations Examined. Washington DC. The World Bank.

Lee, W.O. (2004). Equity and Access to Education: Themes, Tensions, and Policies. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

Liu, J., and Bray, M. (2017). Determinants of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in China: Findings from a National Survey. Education Economics 25(2), 205–218.

Mishra, S. (2010). Bihar Passes Bill to Regulate Coaching Institutes. Recovered from http://www.igovernment.in/site/bihar-passesbill-%0Aregulate-coaching-institutes-37262.

Moreno, J.M. (2006). “The dynamics of curriculum design and development: scenarios for

curriculum evolution”, in Benavot, A. & Bravlasky, C. (Eds.): School curricula for global citizenship: Comparative and Historical perspectives on Educational Contents, Hong-Kong, Comparative Education Center of the University of Hong-Kong, Chapter 11, 195-211.

Sobhy, H. (2012). The de-Facto Privatization of Secondary Education in Egypt: A Study of Private Tutoring in Technical and General Schools. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 42(1), 47–67.

Saavedra, J. (2010). Shaking up Egypt´s Education System. World Bank Blog. Recovered from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/shaking-egypts-public-education-system

Spade Consulting (2019). Draft Communications Strategy. Unpublished Working Document, Cairo.

World Bank (2013). Egypt: SABER Student Assessment Report. Washington DC. The World Bank.

Descargas

Publicado

2021-12-23

Cómo citar

Moreno Olmedilla, J. M. (2021). A Perfect Storm: High-stakes Examination and Private Tutoring in Egypt . Revista Española de Educación Comparada, (40), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.40.2022.31510