Imaginarse un futuro en vecindarios de clase baja en el área metropolitana de Guadalajara, México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/etfvi.15.2022.34082Palabras clave:
Vecindarios; imaginación; clase social; México; clase baja; marginalidad.Resumen
En las últimas décadas se han multiplicado las investigaciones que abordan la clase social desde las experiencias que desarrollan los sujetos de sus entornos urbanos. No obstante, aún queda por profundizar en cómo la imaginación sobre el propio vecindario puede ser también un fenómeno condicionado por la clase social. El propósito de este artículo es indagar si la imaginación es un concepto provechoso para describir cómo los sujetos contemplan el futuro de sus vecindarios, y retratar las imaginaciones que pudieran ser propias de los sujetos de clase social baja. Para alcanzar este objetivo, recurrimos al trabajo de campo etnográfico desarrollado en los vecindarios ubicados entorno a Zalatitán, una localidad perteneciente al Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México. El trabajo muestra la existencia de tres fórmulas para imaginar los futuros de estos vecindarios, la de aquellos que suponían que podían preservar las formas tradicionales de vida en el vecindario, la de aquellos que aceptaban que continuarían viviendo en un espacio ampliamente degradado, y la de aquellos que, al observar las múltiples deficiencias de su entorno, albergaban la esperanza de mudarse a otro lugar. Para cualquiera de estas tres fórmulas, se propone que la falta de control sobre las propias condiciones presentes, y la precariedad de las imaginaciones a futuro, podrían entenderse como particulares de las clases sociales bajas.
Descargas
Citas
Aguilar, M. A. (2002). Identity and Daily Space in Two Municipalities in Mexico City. Environment and Behaviour, (34)1, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034001008
Aliu, I. R. (2019). Unpacking the dynamics of intra-urban residential mobility in Nigerian cities: Analysis of low-income families in Ojo Lagos. Cities, 85, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.005
Allen, C. (2008). Housing Market Renewal and Social Class. London: Routledge.
Anderson, B., & Holden, A. (2008). Affective Urbanism and the Event of Hope. Space and Culture, 11(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331208315934
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Baeten, G. (2012). Normalising Neoliberal Planning: The Case of Malmö, Sweden, en T. Tasan-Kok, T. & Baeten, G. (Eds). Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning: Cities, Policies and Politics, (21-42). London: Springer.
Bayón, M. C., & Saraví, G. A. (2013). The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Fragmentation. Segregation, Sociability, and Inequality in Mexico City. Latin American Perspectives, 189(40), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582x12468865
Bayon, M. C., & Saravi, G. A. (2018). Place, Class Interaction, and Urban Segregation: Experiencing Inequality in Mexico City. Space and Culture, 21(3), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217734540
Beckert, J. (2016). Imagined Futures: Fictional Expectations and Capitalist Dynamics. London: Harvard University Press.
Blokland, T. (2001). Bricks, Mortar, Memories: Neighbourhood and Networks in Collective Acts of Remembering. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(2), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00311
Borer, M. I. (2010). From Collective Memory to Collective Imagination: Time, Place, and Urban Redevelopment. Symbolic Interaction, 33(1), 96-114. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2010.33.1.96
Borup, M., Brown, N., Konrad, K., & Van Lente, H. (2006). The sociology of expectations in science and technology. Technological Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(3/4), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320600777002
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bowman, W. (2015). Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnical Imaginaries, Information Technology and the Postgenocide State, en Jasanoff, S. & Kim, S.H. (Eds). Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power, (79-102). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Butler, T., & Robson, G. (2003). London Calling: The Middle Classes and the Re-making of Inner London. London: Berg.
Castoriadis, C. (1987). The Imaginary Institution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Charlesworth, S. (2000). A Phenomenology of Working-Class Experience. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Chen, S. (2020). Social Power and the Self. Current Opinion in Psychology, 33, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.021
Cole, I. (2013). Whose place? Whose history? Contrasting narratives and experiences of neighbourhood change and housing renewal. Housing, Theory and Society, 30(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2012.683295
Collins, P. (2015). Hauntings. From Anthropology of the Imagination to the Anthropological Imagination, en Harrias, M. & Rapport, N. (Eds). Reflections on Imagination: Human Capacity and Ethnographic Method, (99-118). Farnham: Ashgate.
Conley, D. (2001). A Room with a View or a Roof of One’s Own? Housing and Social Stratification. Sociological Forum, 16(2), 263-280.
Crapanzano, V. (2004). Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-Philosophical Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Da Silva, A. A. (2000). Sao Paulo and the Challenges for Social Sustainability: The Case of Urban Housing Policy, en Polese, M. & Stren, R. (Eds). The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change, (202-228). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Donald, S. H., Kofman E., & Kevin, C. (2009). Introduction. Processes of Cosmopolitanism and Parochialism, en Donald, S.H., Kofman, E., & Kevin, C. (Eds). Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism and Social Change, (1-13). London: Routledge.
Donner, H. (2012). Whose city is it anyway? Middle class imagination and urban restructuring in twenty-first century Kolkata. New Perspectives on Turkey, 46. 129-155. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600001539
Duncan, J. S., & Duncan, N. G. (2001). The Aesthetization of the Politics of Landscape Preservation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(2), 387-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00250
Fernandes, L. (2004). The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and Restructuring of Urban Space in India. Urban Studies, 41(12), 2415-2430. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315874203-8
Fleischer, F. (2008). To Choose a House Means to Choose a Lifestyle: The Consumption of Housing and Class-Structuration in Urban China. City & Society, 19(2), 287-311. https://doi.org/10.1525/city.2007.19.2.287
Förster, T. (2016). Envisioning the City in Africa: Anthropology, Creativity and Urban Culture, en Glaveanu, P. (Ed). The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity and Culture Research, (449-473). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Förster, T. (2018). The unbearable lightness of African cities. Social Dynamics 44(3), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2018.1501546
Förster, T. & Siegenthaler, F. (2018). Introduction. Re-imagining Cities in Africa. Social Dynamics, 44(3), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2018.1512938
Fumanti, M. (2015). Reflections on the Encounters of the Imagination. Ontology, Epistemology and the Limits of the Real in Anthropology, en Harris, M. & Rapport, N. (Eds). Reflections on Imagination: Human Capacity and Ethnographic Method, (119-134). Farnham: Ashgate.
Graham, S. (2000). Constructing Premium Network Spaces: Reflections on Infrastructure Networks and Contemporary Urban Development. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(1), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00242
Graham, E. (2009). Being, making and imagining: Toward a practical theology of technology. Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10(2), 221-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610903077588
Huppauf, B., & Wulf, C. (2010). Introduction: The Indispensability of the Imagination, en Huppauf, B. & Christoph, W. (Eds). Dynamics and Performativity of Imagination, (1-21). London: Routledge.
Hurlbut, J. B. (2015). Remembering the Future: Science, Law and the Legacy of Asilomar, en Jasanoff, S. & Kim, S.H. (Eds). Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power, (126-151). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Irving, A. (2015). Granite and Steel. In M. Harris y N. Rapport (Eds.), Reflections on Imagination: Human Capacity and Ethnographic Method (pp. 135-160). Farnham: Ashgate.
Jasanoff, S. (2015). Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity. In S. Jasanoff, y S.-H. Kim (Eds.), Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power (pp. 1-33). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jeffery, B. (2018). ‘I Probably Would Never Move, but Ideally Like I’d Love to Move This Week’: Class and Residential Experience, Beyond Elective Belonging. Sociology, 52(2), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516668124
Kazubowski-Houston, M., & Magnat, V. (2018). Introduction: Ethnography, Performance and Imagination. Anthropologica, 60(2), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.2017-0006
Kefalas, M. (2003). Working-Class Heroes: Protecting Home, Community and Nation in a Chicago Neighbourhood. Berkeley: California University Press.
Kinossian, N. (2018). Cities as Haunted Landscapes. City & Society, 30(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12151
Kintrea, K., St. Clair R, & Houston, M. (2015). Shaped by place? Young people’s aspirations in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), 666-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.992315
Krauss, M., Paul, W., Piff, K., Mendoza-Denton, M., Rheinschmidt, L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social Class, Solipsism, and Contextualism: How the Rich Are Different from the Poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028756
Kruijt, D., & Koonings, K. (2009). The rise of megacities and the urbanization of informality, exclusion and violence, en Koonings, K., & Kruijt, D. (Eds.), Mega-cities: The politics of urban exclusion and violence in the Global South, (8-28). London: Zed Books.
Ladd, B. (1997). The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in Urban Landscape. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Ling, T. (2000). Contested Health Futures, en Brown, N., Rappert, B., & Webster, A. (Eds). Contested Futures: A sociology of prospective techno-science, (251-270). London: Routledge.
Lohmann, R. I. (2010). Introduction: The Anthropology of Creations. Anthropological Forum, 20(3), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2010.515291
Mckenzie, L. (2013). The Stigmatized and De-valued Working Class: The State of a Council Estate, en Atkinson, W., Roberts, S., & Savage, M. (Eds). Class Inequality in Austerity Britain: Power, Difference and Suffering, (128-144). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mckenzie, L. (2015). Getting by. Estates, class and culture in austerity Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
Malpas, J. (2006). Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World. London: Th MIT Press.
Marcuse, P. (2000). Cities in Quarters, en Bridge, G., & Watson, S. (Eds). A Companion to the City, (270-281). Oxford: Blackwell.
Mayo, J. M. (1988). Urban Design as Uneven Development. Environment and Behaviour, 20(5), 633-663. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916588205006
Meier, L. (2012). Encounters with haunted industrial workplaces and emotions of loss: class-related sense of place within the memories of metal workers. Cultural Geographies, 20(4), 467-483.
Michael, M. (2000). Futures of the Present: From Performativity to Prehension, en Brown, N., Rappert, B., & Webster, A. (Eds). Contested Futures: A sociology of prospective techno-science, (21-42). London: Routledge.
Mier y Terán, A., Vázquez, I., & Ziccardi, A. (2012). Pobreza urbana, segregación residencial y mejoramiento del espacio público en la Ciudad de México. Sociologias, 14(30), 118-155. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-45222012000200005
Morris, J. (2018). Hauntology and the Trauma of Social Change: Deindustrializing Communities in Mumbai and Provincial Russia. City & Society, 30(1), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12147
Murphy, A. (2011). ‘Litterers’: How Objects of Physical Disorder Are Used to Construct Subjects of Social Disorder in a Suburb. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 642(1), 210-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212438210
Nielsen, M., & Pedersen, M. A. (2015). Infrastructural Imaginaries: Collapsed Futures in Mozambique and Mongolia, en Harris, M., y Rapport, N. (Eds). Reflections on Imagination: Human Capacity and Ethnographic Method, (237-262). Farnham: Ashgate.
Nielsen, M. (2016). Urban Times: Temporal Topographies and Non-scalable Cities. Ethnos, Journal of Anthropology, 82(3), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2016.1206602
Osz, K., Raats, K., Lindgren, T., Rothmüller, M., Rasmussen, P. H., & Vendelbo-Larsen, A. (2018). A design anthropology approach to experiential futures and autonomous driving. Proceedings of the 15th Participatory Design Conference, 1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3210604.3210627
Paton, K. (2014). Gentrification: A Working-Class Perspective. Farnham: Ashgate.
Pinkster, F. M. (2014). ‘I Just Live Here’: Everyday Practices of Disaffiliation of Middle-Class Households in Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods. Urban Studies, 51(4), 810-826. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013489738
Rapport, N. (2015). Imagination is in the Barest Reality: On the Universal Human Imagining of the World, en Harris, M., y Rapport, N. (Eds.), Reflections on Imagination: Human Capacity and Ethnographic Method, (3-22). Farnham: Ashgate.
Robins, J. (2010). On Imagination and Creation: An Afterword. Anthropological Forum, 20(3), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2010.515296
Rodgers, D., Beal, J., & Kanbur, R. (2011). Latin American Urban Development into the Twenty-first Century: Towards a Renewed Perspective on the City. European Journal of Development Research, 23, 550-568. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137035134
Ropert, T., & Di Masso, A. (2020). Living There, Leaving There: Identity, Sociospatial Mobility, and Exclusion in ‘Stigmatized Neighbourhoods’. Political Psychology, 42(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12682
Rosenblatt, P., & DeLuca, S. (2012). ‘We Don’t Live Outside, We Live in Here’: Neighborhood and Residential Mobility Decisions Among Low-Income Families. City & Community, 11(3), 254-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2012.01413.x
Rousseau, M. (2011). Post-Fordist Urbanism in France’s Poorest City: Gentrification as Local Capitalist Strategy. Critical Sociology, 38(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920511405231
Salesses, P., Schechtner, K., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2013). The Collaborative Image of the City: Mapping the Inequality of Urban Perception. Plos One, 8(7), e68400. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068400
Saraví, G. A. (2015). Youth Experience of Urban Inequality: Space, Class, and Gender in Mexico, en Wyn, J., & Cahill, H. (Eds). Handbook of Children and Youth Studies, (503-517). New York: Springer.
Savage, M. (2010). The Politics of Elective Belonging. Housing, Theory and Society, 27(2), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090903434975
Simone, A.M. (2008). The politics of the possible: Making urban life in Phnom Pen. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29(2), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00328.x
Simone, A.M. (2011). The surfacing of urban life. City, 15(3/4), 355-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.595108
Simone, A.M. (2016). City of Potentialities: An Introduction. Theory, Culture & Society, 33(7/8), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416666915
Simone, A.M., & Rao, V. (2011). Securing the Majority: Living through Uncertainty in Jakarta. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(2), 315-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01028.x
Skrabut, K. (2018). Housing the Contingent Life Course: Domestic Aspiration and Extreme Poverty in Peruvian Shantytowns. City & Society, 30(2), 263-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12145
Sneath, D., Holbraad, M., & Pedersen, M. A. (2009). Technologies of the Imagination: An Introduction. Ethnos, Journal of Anthropology, 74(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840902751147
Stahl, G., & Baars, S. (2015). How ‘space’ and ‘place’ contribute to occupational aspirations as a value-constituting practice for working-class males. Education + Training, 58(3), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-09-2015-0090
Taylor, Y. (2010). Privileged Locations? Sexuality, Class and Geography, en Taylor, I. (Ed). Classed Intersections. Spaces, Selves, Knowledges, (159-180). Farnham: Ashgate.
Throgmorton, J. A. (2003). Planning as Persuasive Storytelling in a Global-Scale Web of Relationships. Planning Theory, 2(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/14730952030022003
van Dijk, T. (2010). Imagining future places: How designs co-constitute what is, and thus influence what will be. Planning Theory, 10(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095210386656
Verschraegen, G., & Vandermoere, F. (2017). Introduction: shaping the future through imaginaries of science, technology and society, en Verschraegen, G., Vandermore, F., Braeckamans, L., & Segaert, B. (Eds). Imagined Futures in Science, Technology and Society, (1-13). London: Routledge.
Wacquant, L. (2008). Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Ward, K., Fagan, C., McDowell, L., Perrons, C., & Ray, K. (2007). Living and working in urban working class communities. Geoforum, 38(2), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.05.003
Warde, A. (1985). Spatial Change, Politics and the Division of Labour, en Gregory, D., & Urry, J. (Eds.) Social Relations and Spatial Structures, (190-212). London: Macmillan.
Watt, P. (2006). Respectability, Roughness and Race: Neighbourhood Place Images and the Making of Working-Class Social Distinctions in London. International Journal or Urban and Regional Research, 30(4), 776-797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00688.x
Zittoun, T., & Gillespie, A. (2016). Imagination: Creating Alternatives in Everyday Life, en Glaveanu, P. (Ed). The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity and Culture Research, (225-242). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zuking, S. (1995). The Cultures of Cities. Oxford: Blackwell.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
