Principles and recommended practices for the provision of humanistic psychosocial services: an alternative to established practice and treatment guidelines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v15i57.729Keywords:
humanistic psychologists, psychological growthAbstract
Humanistic psychologists form their own community of practice and hold their own distinctive views of human nature, of science, of research methodology, and of psychotherapy. Humanistic psychotherapy deals with psychological dysfunctions in a broad context of client’s engagement in life and ways of being in the world. Humanistic psychologists are oriented towards promoting the psychological development and growth of individuals, families and communities trough the support of their own creative and self- initiated efforts.. The following document is a statement of recommended principles for the provision of humanistic psychological services particularly psychotherapy, although the principles elucidated apply to the provision of other psychological services as well. This document is intended to facilitate and assist the provision of services, but is not intended to be mandatory, exhaustive or definitive and may not be applicable to every situation. It should not be construed as definitive and is not intended to take precedence over the judgment of psychologists.
Downloads
References
American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct. American Psychoologist. 47, 1957-1611.
Anderson, S. C. (1968) Effects of confrontation by high-and-low functioning therapists. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 15, 411-416.
Angus. L. E., & Rennie, D. L. (1989). Envisioning the representational world: the client’s experience of metaphoric expression in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 26, 372-279.
Bednar, R. L., & Kaul, T. J. (1978). Experiential group research: Current perspectives. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An empirical Analysis (pp. 769- 816). New York: Wiley.
Bergin, A. E., & Garfield, S. L. (1994). Overview, trends and future issues. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and behavior Change (4th ed., pp 821-830)
Beutler, L. E., Frank, M., Schieber, S. C., Calver, S., & Gaines, J (1984). Comparative effects of
group psychotherapies in deterioration effects. Psychiatry 47, 66-76.
Beutler, L. E., Engle, D., Mohr, D., Daldrup, R, J., Bergan, J., Meredith, K., & Merry, W
(1991). Predictors of differential and self directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333-340.
Bohart, A. C. (2000). Paradigm clash: Empirically supported treatments versus empirically supported psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy Research, 10(4).
Bohart, A. C., & Greenberg, L S. (1997). Empathy and psychotherapy: An introductory overview. In A. Bohart & L. Greenberg (eds.), Empathy reconsidered (pp. 4-31). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Bohart, A., O’Hara, M. & Leitner, L, M. (1997). Empirically violated treatments: Disenfranchisement of humanistic and other psychotherapies. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 141-157.
Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (1999) How clients make therapy work: The process of active self healing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bohart, A. C. Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2992). Empathy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed),
Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 89-108) New York: Oxford University Press.
Butler, S. F. & Strupp, H. H. (1996). Specific and nonspecific factors in psychotherapy: A problematic paradigm for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 23, 30-40.
Caplan, P. (1995). They say you’re crazy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18.
Christensen, A., & Jacobson, N. S. (1994). Who (or what) can do psychotherapy. The status and challenge of nonprofessional therapies. Psychological Science, 5, 8-14.
Clarke, K. M. (1989). Creation of meaning: An emotional processing task in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 26, 139-148
Clarke, K. M. (1991) A performance model of creation of a meaning event. Psychotherapy, 28 395-401.
Cross, D. D., Sheehan, P. W., & KHAN, J. A. (1982). Short-and-long-term follow-up of clients receiving insight-oriented therapy and behaviour therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 103-112.
Depression Guideline Panel (1993). Depression in primary care: Vol. 2. Treatment of major depression (Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 5, AHCPR Pub. No. 93-0551). Rockville, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Dilthey, W. (1977). Descriptive psychology and historical understanding. The Hague: Nijhoff. [Original work published 1894 ]
Duncan, B. L., Hubble, M. A., & Miler, S. D. (1997). Psychotherapy of “impossible cases” New York: Norton.
Elliott, R. (1996). Are client centered/experiential therapies effective? A meta-analysis of outcome research. In U. Esser, H P. Bast, & G-W Speierer (eds.), The Power of the Person-Centered Approach: New Challenges-perspectives-answers (pp. 125-138). Kohln, Germany: GwG Verlag.
Elliot, R, . (2002). The effectiveness of humanistic therapies: A meta-analysis. In D. J. Cain & J. Seeman (eds.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 57-82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Elliott, R., GREENBERG L. A., & LIETAER, G (in press). Research on experiential psychotherapies. In M. Lambert, A. Bergin & S. Garfield (eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (5th Edition)New York: Wiley.
Ends, E. J., & PAGE, C. W. (1957). A study of three type of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates. Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcoholism, 18, 263-277.
Ends, E. J., & PAGE, C. W. (1959). Group psychotherapy and concomitant psychological change. Psychological Monographs, 73 (Whole No. 480).
Faidley, A. J., & Leitner, L. M. (1993). Assessing experience in psychotherapy: Personal construct alternatives. Greenwich, CT.: Praeger.
Farber, B. A., & Lane, J. S. (2002). Positive regard. In J. C. Norcross(Ed. ), Psychotherapy relationships that work(pp. 175-194)New York: Oxford University Press.
Gaston , L., Marmer, C. R. Gallagher, D., & Thompson, L. W. (1991). Alliance prediction of
outcome beyond in-treatment symptomatic change as psychotherapy progresses. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 104-113.
Gendlin, E. T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. New York: Guilford.
Giorgi, A. (1979). Psychology as a human science. New York: Harper.
Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Giorgi, A. (1994). The idea of human science. In F. J. Wertz (Ed)., The humanistic movement: Recovering the person in psychology. New York: Gardner.
Gold, J. R. (1994). When the patient does the integrating: Lessons for theory and practice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4133-158.
Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B(1996). Psychotherapy practice and research. American Psychologist, 51, 1007-1016.
Greenberg, L. S. (1984). A task analysis of intrapersonal conflict resolution. In L. N. Rice & L. S. Greenberg (eds.). Patterns of change (pp. 67-123). New York: Guilford.
Greenberg, L. S. (1986). Change process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 4-9.
Greenberg, L. S. (1991). Research on the process of change. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 3-16.
Greenberg, L. S., & WATSON, J. (1998). Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client – centered relationship and process-experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 210-224
Greenberg, L. S., ELIOTT, R., & LIETAER, G. (1994). Research on experiential psychotherapies. In A. E. Bergin & S-L-Garfield (eds.). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (4th ed., pp. 509-542) New York: Guilford.
Hart, J. T. (1970). The development of client-centered therapy. In J. T. Hart & T. M. Tomlinson (eds.). New directions in client-centered therapy (pp. 3-22) New York: Houghton Mifflin
Horvath, A. O. (1995). The therapeutic relationship: From transference to alliance. In Session, 1, 7-17.
Howard, G. S. (1996). Understanding human nature: An owner’s manual. Notre Dame, Indiana: Academic Publications.
Kampis, G. (Ed). (1991). Creative evolution in nature, mind, and society (Special Issue). World Futures, 32(2-3), 63-195.
Klein, M. H., Kolden, G, G., Michels, J. L., & Chisholm-Stockard, S. (2002). Congruence. In J. C.
Norcross (Ed). Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 195-216) New York: Oxford University Press.
Koch, S. (1994a). Afterward. In S Koch & D. E. Leary (eds.), A century of psychology as a science (pp. 928-950). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Koch, S. (1994b). Forward: Wundt’s creature at age zero - and as Centenarian: Some aspects of the institutionalization of the “New Psychology “. In S. Koch & D. E. Leary (Eds. ) A century of psychology as a science (pp. 7-39). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Krupnick, J. L., Sotsky, S. M., Simmens, S, S., Moyher, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J., & Pilkonis,
P. A. (1996). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depressions Collaborative Research Project. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 532-539.
Laing, R. D. (1959). The divided self. London: Tavistock.
Lambert, M. J., & Bergin, A. E. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (4th ed., pp 143-189). New York: Wiley.
Lampropoulos, G. K. (2000). A re-examination of the empirically supported treatments critiques. Psychotherapy Research, 10 (4)
Leitner, L. M. (1995). Optimal therapeutic distance: A therapist’s experience of personal construct psychotherapy. In R. Neimeyer & M. Mahoney (eds.). Constructivism in Psychotherapy (pp. 357-370). Washington DC: American psychological Association.
Luborsky, L., MS Clellan, A. T. Woody, G. E., O’Brien, C. P., & Auerbach, A. (1985). Therapist
success and its determinants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42 602-611.
Mahrer, A. R. (1996). The complete Guide to Experiential Psychotherapy. New York. Wiley.
Mahrer, A. R., & Nadler, W. P. (1986). Good moments in psychotherapy: A preliminary review, a list, and some promising research avenues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 10-16.
Mahrer, A. R., Lawson, K. C., Stalikas, A., & Shachter, H. M. (1990). Relationships between
strength of feeling, type of therapy, and occurrence of in-session good moments. Psychotherapy, 27, 531-541.
Mathieu-Coughlan, P., & Klein, M. H. (1984). Experiential psychotherapy: Key events in client-centered interaction. In L. N. Rice & L. S. Greenberg (eds.). Patterns of Change (pp. 194-212). New York: Guilford.
Muñoz, R. F., Hollon, S. D., Mcgrath, E., Rehm, L. P., & Vandenbos, G. R. (1994). On the AHCPR
Depression in primary care guidelines: Further considerations for practitioners. American Psychologist, 49, 34-41.
Najavits, L. M., & Strupp, H. H. (1994). Differences in the effectiveness of psychodynamic theapists: A process-outcome study. Psychotherapy, 31 114-123.
Norcross, J. C. (2002). (Ed). Psychotherapy Relationships That Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
Orlinsky, D. E., & HOWARD, K, I. (1986). Process and outcome in psychotherapy. in A e. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (eds.) Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (3rd ed., pp 311-384). New York: Wiley.
Paivio, S., & Greenberg, L. S. (1995). Resolving unfinished business: Experiential therapy using empty chair dialogue. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 419-425.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening Up: The healing Power of Confiding in Others. New York: Morrow.
Polkinghorne, D. (1983). Methodology for the Human Sciences: Systems of Inquiry. Albany: SUNY Press.
Polkinghorne, D. (1992) Research methodology in humanistic psychology. In F. J. Werzt (Ed), The Humanistic Movement: Recovering the Person in Psychology(pp. 105-128). New York: Gardner Press.
Rennie, D. L. (1990). Toward a representation of the client’s experience of the psychotherapy hour. In G. Lietaer, J. Rombauts, & R. Van Balen (eds.), Client-centered and Experiential Therapy in the Nineties(pp. 155-172). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.
Rennie, D. L. (1994). Storytelling in psychotherapy: The clients subjective experience. Psychotherapy, 31, 234-243.
Rice, L. N., & Saperia, E. P. (1984). Task Analysis and the resolution of problematic reactions. In N. Rice & L. S. Greenberg (eds.). Patterns of Change (pp. 29-66). New York: Guilford.
Rowland, N. & Goss, S. (eds.). (2000). Evidence-based Counseling and Psychological Therapies: Research and Applications. Philadelphia: Routledge.
Rychlak, J. F. (1994). Logical Learning Theory. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Sachse. R. (1990). The influence of therapist processing proposals on the explication process of the client. Person-Centered Review, 5, 321-344
Sachse, R. (1992). Differential effects of processing proposals and content references on the explication process of clients with different starting conditions. Psychotherapy Research, 2, 235-251
Schulte, D., & Kunzel, R (1995). Relevance and meaning of therapist’s control. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 169-185.
Schneider, K. J. (1984). Clients perceptions of the positive and negative characteristics of their counselors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Saybrook Institute.
Schneider, K. J., & May, R (1995). The Psychology of Existence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Seeman, J. (1965). Perspective in client-centered therapy. In B. B. Wolman (Ed). Hanbook of Clinical Psychology (pp. 1215-1229). New York: MacGraw-Hill.
Segal, D. L., & Murraly, E J. (1994). Emotional processing in cognitive therapy and vocal expresión of feeling. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 189-206.
Seligman, M. E. P (1996), Science as an ally of practice. American Psychologist, 51, 1072-1079.
Shapiro, D. A: (1995). Finding out how psychotherapies help people change. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 1-21.
Shlien, J. M., Mosak, H. H., & Dreikurs, R (1962). Effects of time limits: A comparison of two
psychotherapies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 9, 31-34.
Strumpfl, U., & Goldman, R. (2002). Contacting Gestalt Therapy. In D. J. Cain & J. Seeman (eds.). Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice (pp. 189-220). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Toukmanian, S. G. (1992). Studying the client’s persceptual processes and their outcomes in psychotherapy. In S. G. Toukmanian & D. L. Rennie(eds.), Psychotherapy Process Research: Paradigmatic and Narrative Approaches (pp. 77-107). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Toulmin & Leary (1994). The cult of empiricism in psychology , and beyond. In S. Koch & D. E. Leary (eds.) A Century of Psychology as a Science (pp. 594-617). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Truax, C. B., Wargo, D. G., & Silber, L, D. (1966). Effects of group psychotherapy with high accurate empathy and nonpossessive warmth upon female intitutionalized dilinguents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 267-274.
Watzlawick, P. (1987). “If you desire to see, learn how to act”. In J. K. Zeig (Ed), The Evolution of Psychotherapry (pp. 91-99). New York: Bruner/Mazel.
Watson, J. C., & Rennie, D. L. (1994). Qualitative analysis of clients’ subjective experience of significant moments furing the exploration of problematic reactions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 500-509.
Wexler, D. A., & Butler, J. M. (1976). Therapist mofification of client expressivenes in client-centered therhapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 261-265.
