Efectos del Ejercicio Físico en pacientes con Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v31i115.358Palabras clave:
anorexia, bulimia, trastorno por atracón, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, ejercicio, actividad físicaResumen
Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria presentan diferentes relaciones con el ejercicio físico. La anorexia, bulimia y trastorno por atracón se asocian con riesgos que repercuten en la salud física y con una morbilidad psicosocial considerables, así como con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática para determinar el efecto del ejercicio sobre el estado físico y psíquico en la población que padece este tipo de psicopatologías Para ello, en primer lugar, se establecieron las diferencias entre ejercicio problemático y saludable. En la actualidad, existen discrepancias sobre la prescripción de actividad física en el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes, ya que el ejercicio compulsivo está presente, sobre todo, en dos de estos trastornos: anorexia y bulimia.Descargas
Citas
American Psychiatric Association (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Ágh, T., Kovács, G., Supina, D., Pawaskar, M., Herman, B. K., Vokó, Z. y Sheehan, D. V. (2016). A systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexa nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Eating and Weight Disorders, 21(3), 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0264-x
Arcelus, J., Mitchel, A. J. y Wales, J. (2011). Mortality Rates in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
Baile-Ayensa, J. y González-Calderón, M. (2016). Trastorno por atracón: diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento. Madrid, España: Pirámide.
Bakland, M., Rosenvinge, J., Wynn, R., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Fostervold Mathisen, T., Liabo, K., … Pettersen, G. (2019). Patients’ views on a new treatment for Bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder combining physical exercise and dietary therapy (the PED-t). A qualitative study. Eating Disorders, 27(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1560847
Barber, J., Ivezaj, V. y Barnes, R. (2018). Comparing physical activity in individuals with overweight/obesity with and without binge eating disorder. Obesity Science & Practice, 4(2), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.154
Blanchet, C., Mathieu, M. È., St-Laurent, A., Fecteau, S., St-Amour, N. y Drapeau, V. (2018). A Systematic Review of Physical Activity Interventions in Individuals with Binge Eating Disorders. Current Obesity Reports, 7(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-018-0295-x
Calogero, R. y Pedrotty, K. (2004). The Practice and Process of Healthy Exercise: An Investigation of the Treatment of Exercise Abuse in Women with Eating Disorders. Eating Disorders, 12(4), 273-291. http://doi.org/10.1080/10640260490521352
Carr, M. M., Lydecker, J. A., White, M. A. y Grilo, C. M. (2019). Examining physical activity and correlates in adults with healthy weight, overweight/obesity, or binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23003
Cook, B., Hausenblas, H., Crosby, R., Cao, L. y Wonderlich, S. (2015). Exercise dependence as a mediator of the exercise and eating disorders relationship: A pilot study. Eating Behaviors, 16, 9-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.012
Cook, B., Steffen, K., Mitchell, J., Otto, M., Crosby, R., Cao, L., … Powers, P. (2015). A Pilot Study Examining Diagnostic Differences Among Exercise and Weight Suppression in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(3), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2350
Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., Mitchell, J. E., Thompson, R., Sherman, R. y McCallum, K. (2016). Exercise in Eating Disorders Treatment: Systematic Review and Proposal of Guidelines. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(7), 1408–1414. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000912
Fernandez-del-Valle, M., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Villaseñor-Montarroso, A., Cardona, C., Diez-Vega, I., López, L. M. y Pérez, M. (2014). Resistance training enhances muscular performance in patients with anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 601–609.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22251
Gabler, G., Olguín, P. y Rodríguez, A. (2017). Complicaciones médicas de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 28(6), 893-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.09.003
Goodwin, H., Hycraft, E. y Meyer, C. (2016). Disordered Eating, Compulsive Exercise, and Sport Participation in a UK Adolescent Sample. European Eating Disorders Review, 24(4), 304-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2441
Grilo, C. M., White, M. A, Barnes, R. D. y Masheb, R. M. (2013). Psychiatric disorder co-morbidity and correlates in an ethnically diverse sample of obese patients with binge eating disorder in primary care settings. Compr Psychiatry 54(3), 209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2012.07.012
Grupo de Trabajo sobre Trastornos Alimentarios del Servicio de Salud de Castilla la Mancha (2017). Abordaje de los trastornos alimentarios en castilla la mancha. Estado actual y propuestas (manual no publicado).
Guasch, E. y Mont, L. (2017). Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of exercise-induced arrhythmias. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 14(2), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.173
Hebebrand, J., Exner, C., Hebebrand, K., Holtkamp, C., Casper, R. C. y Remschmidt, H., … Klingenspor, M. (2003). Hyperactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and in semistarvedrats: evidence for a pivotal role of hypoleptinemia, Physiology y Behavior, 79(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00102-1
Hudson, J., Hiripi, E., Pope, H.y y Kessler, R. (2007). The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
Jáuregui-Lobera, I. (2009). Cronicidad en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria 10, 1086-1100. Recuperado de: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3214078
Kerrigan, S. G., Lydecker, J. A. y Grilo, C. M. (2019). Associations between physical activity and eating‐disorder psychopathology among individuals categorized with binge‐eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 73(11), e13401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13401
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G. y Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders 29(2), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-G
Krantz, M., Gaudiani, J., Johnson, V. y Mehler, P. (2011). Exercise Electrocardiography Extinguishes Persistent Junctional Rhythm in a Patient with Severe Anorexia Nervosa. Cardiology, 120(4), 217-220. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335481
Lydecker, J. A., Shea, M. y Grilo, C. M. (2018). Driven exercise in the absence of binge eating: Implications for purging disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22811
Martínez Sánchez, S. y Munguia-Izquierdo, D. (2017). Ejercicio físico como herramienta para el tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 4(1), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v4.1062
Nagata, J., Carlson, J., Golden, N., Murray, S., Long, J., Leonard, M. y Peebles, R. (2018). Associations between exercise, bone mineral density, and body composition in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia And Obesity, 24(5), 939-945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0521-2
Nagata, J., Carlson, J., Kao, J., Golden, N., Murray, S. y Peebles, R. (2017). Characterization and correlates of exercise among adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(12), 1394-1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22796
Noetel, M., Miskovic-Wheatley, J., Crosby, R., Hay, P., Madden, S. y Touyz, S. (2016). A clinical profile of compulsive exercise in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Eating Disorders, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-016-0090-6
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P.F., Tambs, K. y Harris, J. R. (2004). Psychiatric and medical symptoms in binge eating in the ab- sence of compensatory behaviors. Obes Res, 12(9), 1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.181
Sauchelli, S., Arcelus, J., Sánchez, I., Riesco, N., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Graneo, R., … Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2015). Physical activity in anorexia nervosa: How relevant is it to therapy response? European Psychiatry, 30(8), 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.008
Rizk, M., Kern, L., Lalanne, C., Hanachi, M., Melchior, J., Pichard, C., … Godart, N. (2018). High‐intensity exercise is associated with a better nutritional status in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 27(4), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2661
Ruffault, A., Carette, C., Lurbe i Puerto, K., Juge, N., Beauchet, A., Benoliel, J., … Falhault, C. (2016). Randomized controlled trial of a 12-month computerized mindfulness-based intervention for obese patients with binge eating disorder: The MindOb study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 49, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2016.06.012
Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825
Stiles-Shields, C., Bamford, B., Lock, J. y Le Grange, D. (2014). The effect of driven exercise on treatment outcomes for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(4), 392-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22281
Tabares, S. y Alvarado, G. (2019). Entrena bien, vive mejor. Madrid, España: Tutor.
Thien, V., Thomas, A., Markin, D. y Birmingham, C. (2000). Pilot study of a graded exercise program for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(1), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200007)28:1<101::AID-EAT12>3.0.CO;2-V
Vancampfort, D., Probst, M., Adriaens, A., Pieters, G., De Hert, M., Stubbs, B. y Vanderlinden, J. (2014). Changes in physical activity, physical fitness, self-perception and quality of life following a 6-month physical activity counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy program in outpatients with binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Research, 219(2), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.016
Vancampfort, D., Vanderlinden, J., Stubbs, B., Soundy, A., Pieters, G. y Probst, M. (2014). Physical activity correlates in persons with binge eating disorder: A systematic review. European Eating Disorder Reviews, 22(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2255
Varela-Casal, P., Maldonado, M. J. y Ferre, F. (2011). Estudio de los perfiles clínicos de los pacientes con trastorno de la conducta alimentaria en dispositivos específicos. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39(1), 12-19.
Vásquez, N., Urrejola, P. y Vogel, M. (2017). Actualizaciones en el manejo intrahospitalario de la anorexia nerviosa: recomendaciones prácticas. Revista médica de Chile, 145(5). 650-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000500013
Young, S., Touyz, S., Meyer, C., Arcelus, J., Rhodes, P., Madden, S., … Hay, P. (2018). Relationships between compulsive exercise, quality of life, psychological distress and motivation to change in adults with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0188-0