Completing the Map of Cognitive Therapy: Attachment and the Work with the Negative
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.v36i130.44162Keywords:
Cognitive psychotherapy, Disorganized Attachment, Intergenerational transmission, The negative, Unresolved trauma, Unresolved lossAbstract
The negative syndromes, characterized by the absence of representation of experiential states, are a spectrum of different phenomena that are difficult to work in psychotherapy, and which have been addressed mainly by psychoanalysis. Cognitive psychotherapy, on the other hand, currently lacks a theoretical basis and a technical proposal to address these types of situations that escape the cognitive realm. This paper proposes using empirical knowledge about attachment disorganization and the intergenerational transmission of unresolved mental states, to alleviate this lack and expand the map of cognitive therapy. The evolution of cognitive therapy, the negative syndromes, traditional explanations from psychoanalysis, and developments applicable from attachment are described in detail. The theory is illustrated with several vignettes and a clinical case, and, finally, a type of integrative intervention with a cognitive basis is proposed.
Downloads
References
Abrams, K., Rifkin, A., & Hesse, E. (2006). Dissociative “FR” parental behavior observed in a laboratory play session predicts infant disorganization. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 345-361.
Abraham, N. y Torok, M. (1978). L´écorce et le noyau. Paris. Éditions Aubier-Montaigne.
Abraham, Y. M. N., & Torok, M. (2002). the inner crypt. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, (2).
Baim, C., Morrison, T., & Rothwell, B. C. (2011). Attachment-based practice with adults: Understanding strategies and promoting positive change: A new practice model and interactive resource for assessment, intervention and supervision. Pavilion Publishing (Brighton).
Beck AT (1970) Cognitive therapy: nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behav Ther 1:184-200
Beebe, B., Lachmann, F., Markese, S.y Bahrick, L.(2012a).On the origins of disorganized attachment and internal working models: Paper I.A dyadic systems approach.Psychoanalytic dialogues, 22(2), 253-272.https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2012.666147
Beebe, B., Lachmann, F., Markese, S., Buck, K.A., Bahrick, L.E., Chen, H., Cohen, P., Andrews, H., Feldstein, S.y Jaffe, J.(2012b).On the origins of disorganized attachment and internal working models: Paper II. An empi¬rical microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction. Psychoanalytic dialogues, 22(3), 352-374.https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2012.679606
Bergeret, J. (1974). La personalidad normal y patológica. Gedisa.
Blatt, S. J., & Maroudas, C. (1992). Convergences among psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral theories of depression. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9(2), 157–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079351
Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., Spark, G.M.y Pardal, I.(2017).Lealtades invisibles.Amorrortu.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). On knowing what you are not supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 24(5), 403-408.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Eleborating a central construct in Attachment Theory. Handbook of Attachment, 103-129.
Caro, I. (2007). Manual teórico-práctico de psicoterapias cognitivas. Henao, Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Cassidy, J., & Mohr, J. J. (2001). Unsolvable fear, trauma, and psychopathology: Theory, research, and clinical considerations related to disorganized attachment across the life span. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 8(3), 275.
Causadias, J.y Carlson, E.(2014).La psicopatología del desarrollo y la teoría del apego.En B.Torres de Cádiz, J.M.Causadias y G.Posada (Eds.), La teoría del apego: Investigación y aplicaciones clínicas (pp.113-127).Psimática.
Cortina, M. y Marrone, M. (2017). Apego y psicoterapia. Un paradigma revolucionario Editorial Psimática,
Crittenden, P.M.(2001).Organization, alternative organizations, and disor¬ganization: Competing perspectives on the development of endangered children.Contemporary Psychology, 46, 593-596.
Crittenden, P.M.(2013).Raising parents: Attachment, parenting and child safety.Routledge.
Crittenden, P. M., & Landini, A. (2011). Assessing adult attachment: A dynamic-maturational approach to discourse analysis. WW Norton & Company
Dallos, R., Crittenden, P. M., Landini, A., Spieker, S., & Vetere, A. (2020). Family functional formulations as guides to psychological treatment. Contemporary Family Therapy, 42(2), 190-201.
David, D., Lynn, S. J., & Montgomery, G. H. (Eds.). (2018). Evidence-based psychotherapy: The state of the science and practice.
Dimaggio, G., Montano, A., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2015). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: A treatment manual. Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., Ottavi, P., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2020). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy: Body, imagery and change. Routledge.
Ellis A (1962) Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart-Citadel, New York
Faimberg, H. (2006). El telescopaje de generaciones; a la escucha de los lazos narcisistas entre generaciones. Buenos Aires. Amorrortu.
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G.S.y Higgitt, A.C.(1991).The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment.Infant mental health journal, 12(3), 201-218.https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P.y Allison E.(2015).Epistemic Petrification and the Restoration of Epistemic Trust: A New Conceptualization of Borderline Personality Disorder and Its Psychosocial Treatment.Journal of perso¬nality disorders, 29(5), 575-609.https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2015.29.5.575
Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E., & Shapiro, V. (1980). Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic
approach to the problem of impaired infant-mother relationships. Journal of the
American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 14, 3, 1975
Freud, S (1997). Tótem y Tabú. Algunas concordancias en la vida anímica de los salvajes y de los neuróticos. Obras Completas. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva (Orig. 1912).
George, C., Kaplan, N.y Main, M.(1996).Adult attachment interview.Manus¬crito no publicado.Universidad de California.
Green, A., & Etcheverry, J. L. (1986). Narcisismo de vida, narcisismo de muerte. Buenos Aires. Amorrortu.
Green, A. (2003) El trabajo de lo negativo. Buenos Aires. Amorrortu.
Guidano, V. F. (1994). El sí-mismo en proceso: hacia una terapia cognitiva posracionalista. Barcelona: Paidós.
Harper, D., & Moss, D. (2003). A different kind of chemistry? Reformulating 'formulation'. Clinical Psychology, 23, 6-10.
Herzovich, Y. P., & Govrin, A. (2023). Dialectical Integration: The Case of Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 39(2), 341-359.
Kaës, R., Faimberg, H., Enríquez, M., & Baranes, J. J. (1996). Transmisión de la vida psíquica entre generaciones. Buenos Aires. Amorrortu.
Kaës, R. La extensión del psicoanálisis. Pour une Métapsychologie de Troisième Type, París, Dunod, 2015.
Kelly, G. (1955). Personal construct psychology. Nueva York: Norton.
Kirshner, L. A. (2006). The work of René Kaes: Intersubjective transmission in families, groups, and culture. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54(3), 1005-1013.
Laing, R. D. (1979). Mistificación, confusión y conflicto. En I. Boszormenyi-Nagi y J. Framo (Eds.), Terapia familiar intensiva (pp. 298-418). Trillo.
Laplanche, J., Pontalis, J.B., Lagache, D. (1996) Diccionario de Psicoanálisis. Buenos Aires, Barcelona, México. Paidós.
Lecannelier, F., Ascanio, L., Flores, F., & Hoffmann, M. (2011). Apego & psicopatología: Una revisión actualizada sobre los modelos etiológicos parentales del apego desorganizado. Terapia psicológica, 29(1), 107-116.
Liotti, G. (1988). Attachment and cognition: A guideline for the reconstruction of early pathogenic experiences in cognitive psychotherapy. In Cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 62-79). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
López Atienza, J. L. y Blajakis, M. I. (2006). Los trastornos de personalidad: reflexiones desde la experiencia clínica, grupal, familiar, y multifamiliar. Revista de la asociación de psicoterapia psicoanalítica grupal (1), 75-103.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, S., y Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother–infant communication and infant disorganization. Development and psychopathology, 17(1), 1-23.
Main, M.y Solomon, J.(1986).Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. En T.B.Brazelton y M.W.Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp.95-124).Ablex Publishing.
Martorell, J. L. (2024) Política y perspectiva de clase en la psicoterapia. Revista de Psicoterapia, 35(129), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.v35i129.41685
McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. Guilford Press.
Miró, M.T. (2019).La técnica terapéutica de la moviola: Una introducción. Revista De Psicoterapia, 30(112), 17-41. https://doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v30i112.282
Nicolò, A. M. (2015). la familia recuerda: defensas transpersonales y traumas en la familia. En Psicoanálisis y familia. Herder Editorial.
O'Dowd, T. C. (1988). Five years of heartsink patients in general practice. British Medical Journal, 297(6647), 528-530.
Perris, C. (1988). The foundations of cognitive psychotherapy and its standing in relation to other psychotherapies. In Cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 1-43). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Real Academia Española. (2001). Diccionario de la lengua española (22.a ed.). Consultado en http://www.rae.es/rae.html
Recalcati, M. (2003). Clínica del vacío: anorexias, dependencias, psicosis. Editorial Síntesis.
Rosolato, G. (1991). Lo negativo y su léxico. En Lo negativo: figuras y modalidades. en Missenard, A., Rosolato, G., Guillaumin, J., Kristeva, J., Gutiérrez, Y., Baranes, J. J., ... & Moury, R. (1991). Lo negativo: figuras y modalidades. (pp. 23-39). Buenos Aires. Amorrortu.
Salvatore, G., Conti, L., Fiore, D., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., & Semerari, A. (2006). Disorganized narratives: Problems in treatment and therapist intervention hierarchy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(2), 191-207.
Sassenfeld J., A. (2010). Enactments: Una perspectiva relacional sobre vínculo, acción e inconsciente. Clínica e Investigación Relacional, 4 (1): 142-181.
Schore, A. (2022). Right brain-to-right brain psychotherapy: recent scientific and clinical advances. Annals of general psychiatry, 21(1), 46.
Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67(1), 54.
Segovia Nieto, L. M. (2014). La experiencia melancólica: una configuración diferencial entre la depresión mayor y la melancolía. Cuadernos hispanoamericanos de psicología, 14(2), 5-11.
Solomon, J. y George, C.(2011a).The Disorganised Attachment-Caregiving System.En J.Solomon y C.George (Eds.), Disorganized attachment & caregiving (pp.3-24).Guilford Press.
Solomon, J.y George, C.(2011b).Disorganization of maternal caregiving across two generations.En J.Solomon y C.George (Eds.), Disorganized attachment & caregiving (pp.25-51).Guilford Press.
Stiles, W.B., Caro Gabalda, I.y Ribeiro, E.(2016).Exceeding the therapeutic zone of proximal development as a clinical error.Psychotherapy, 53(3), 268-272.https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000061
Sullivan HS (1955) The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. W. W. Norton & Co., New York
Tisseron, S.; Torok, M.; Rand, N.; Nachin, C.; Hachet, J. y Rouchy J.C. (1995). El psiquismo ante la prueba de las generaciones: clínica del fantasma. Amorrortu editors
Vallis, T.M. (2004). Cuando se dificulta la marcha: terapia cognitiva para los pacientes graves. En Perris, C., & McGorry, P. D. (Eds.). Psicoterapia cognitiva para los trastornos psicóticos y de personalidad: Manual teórico-práctico. Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Van IJzendoorn, M.H.(1995).Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.Psychological Bulletin, 117, 1-17.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387
Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Schuengel, C.y Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.(1999).Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precur¬sors, concomitants, and sequelae.Development and psychopathology, 11(2), 225-250.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499002035
Van IJzendoorn, M. H.y Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.(2018).Bridges across the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Gap.Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 31-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.014
Yassa, M. (2002). Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok—the inner crypt. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 25(2), 82-91.
Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista de Psicoterapia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
