Revisión Sistemática sobre el Impacto de la Separación de Padres e Hijos en la Salud Mental y el Desarrollo Infantil
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https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.v36i130.44134Palabras clave:
Toma de decisiones en los tribunales de familia, apego, adopción, separación familiar, trauma infantilResumen
Un gran número de niños de todo el mundo son separados de sus padres por decisión de los servicios sociales o de los propios padres. Las causas son múltiples e incluyen la violencia infantil, el abandono parental, la inmigración ilegal, el encarcelamiento de los padres, etc. El objetivo del presente estudio es revisar la investigación científica sobre los efectos que la separación de los padres tiene en los niños. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática utilizando la declaración PRISMA en las bases de datos científicas DOAJ, Scielo y Redalyc. Se han incluido artículos de acceso abierto en inglés. El filtrado, cribado y selección final se expresan en un diagrama de flujo y tablas. Según el análisis, se identificó que los efectos no son específicos del tipo de separación e incluyen una alta incidencia de cambios neurológicos como resultado de traumas psicológicos, desarrollo sexual temprano, abuso físico y sexual, deserción escolar, bajo rendimiento académico, relaciones conflictivas con los pares, síntomas de trastornos psicosomáticos y psiquiátricos, así como conductas de tipo internalizante y externalizante. También se asocia a ansiedad, depresión, delincuencia, abuso de sustancias, comportamiento sexual inadecuado y autolesiones. La evidencia sugiere que la separación puede dar lugar a ciclos continuos de separación familiar. Las investigaciones han demostrado que los niños corren mayor riesgo entre los 9 meses y los 9 años de edad.
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