Determinantes e impacto en los salarios del desajuste educativo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.30580Palabras clave:
enseñanza superior, sobreeducación, desajuste de habilidades, desajuste educativo, salario, capital humanoResumen
En este trabajo se analiza el impacto de tres indicadores alternativos del desajuste educativo (horizontal, vertical y de habilidades) sobre los salarios de una muestra de titulados universitarios que recientemente finalizaron sus estudios en España. En la literatura se han propuesto dos enfoques alternativos para explicar el desajuste educativo: la teoría de la asignación, que plantea que la productividad de los trabajadores está limitada por las características de los empleos, de forma que los trabajadores sobreeducados infrautilizan su capacidad y por tanto ganan unos salarios inferiores, y la teoría de la heterogeneidad en las habilidades, que mantiene que el desajuste educativo es aparente en la medida en que los trabajadores sobreeducados tienen una menor dotación de habilidades y conocimientos. Con el ánimo de tratar de ofrecer alguna luz al debate teórico se han analizado los datos de 2019 de la Encuesta de Inserción Laboral de Titulados Universitarios, elaborada por el INE. En el análisis empírico se estima el impacto en los salarios de los tres tipos de desajuste educativo. Además se utiliza el estimador de efectos fijos al objeto de controlar la heterogeneidad individual en la evaluación del impacto del desajuste educativo en los salarios. Los resultados del trabajo indican que los graduados sobreeducados sufren una penalización sustancial y estadísticamente significativa en sus retribuciones tanto en la estimación por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios como en el modelo de efectos fijos. Por tanto, desde el punto de vista económico el desajuste educativo vertical representa un despilfarro de recursos. Los poderes públicos deberían crear las condiciones para fortalecer la demanda de trabajo cualificado de forma que el mercado pueda absorber la oferta creciente de titulados que ha producido el sistema universitario español en las últimas décadas.
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
