Trastorno del Espectro Autista en Anorexia Nerviosa: Invisibles frente al espejo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v31i115.356Palabras clave:
trastorno del espectro autista, anorexia, trastornos alimentarios, síndrome de asperger, terapia de remediación cognitivaResumen
La relación entre el Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TE) y la Anorexia Nerviosa (AN) ha suscitado un creciente interés dadas las altas tasas de comorbilidad y la necesidad de adaptar los tratamientos existentes a esta población, ya que presentan peores resultados en los tratamientos estándar para el trastorno de conducta alimentaria. En este artículo se realiza una revisión descriptiva de diferentes aspectos relacionados con los TEA y la AN tratando de ofrecer una perspectiva sobre el tema que pueda ser de utilidad para la práctica clínica. En él se abordan aspectos epidemiológicos y perfiles neuropsicológicos, se profundiza en las particularidades del diagnóstico en estos casos y se exponen las propuestas de tratamiento.Descargas
Citas
Allison, C., Auyeung, B. y Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Towards brief ‘red flags’ for autism screening: the short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the short Quantitative Checklist for Autism in toddlers in 1000 cases and 3000 controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.003
American Psychiatric Association (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, (4th ed.). Barcelona, España: Masson.
Attwood, T. (2007). The complete guide to Asperger’s syndrome. Londres, Reino Unido: Jessica Kingsley.
Cappadocia, M. C., Weiss, J. A. y Pepler, D. (2012). Bullying experiences among children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 266-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1241-x
Cassidy, S., Bradley, P., Robinson, J., Allison, C., McHugh, M. y Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger’s Syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2
Cheslack-Postava, K. y Jordan-Young, R. M. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders: toward a gendered embodiment model. Social science & medicine, 74(11), 1667-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.013
Davies, H., Fox, J., Naumann, U., Treasure, J., Schmidt, U. y Tchanturia, K. (2012). Cognitive remediation and emotion skills training in anorexia: an observational study using neuropsychoogical outcomes. European eating disorders review, 20(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2170
Dudova, I., Kocourkova, J. y Koutec, J. (2015). Early-onset anorexia nervosa in girls with Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1639–1643. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S83831
Escobar-Koch, T. (2013). Terapia de remediación cognitiva para anorexia nerviosa. Revista Chilena Psiquiatría y Neurología de la Infancia y la Adolescencia, 23(3), 177-189.
Frazier, T. W., Georgiades, S., Bishop, S. L. y Hardan, A. Y. (2014). Behavioral and cognitive characteristics of females and males with autism in the Simons simplex collection. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.004
Gillberg, C. (1983). Are autism and Anorexia Nervosa related? British Journal of Psychiatry, 142(4), 428. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.142.4.428b
Gillberg, C., Cederlund, M., Lamberg, K. y Zeijlon, L. (2006). Brief report: “the autism epidemic”. The registered prevalence of autism in a Swedish urban area. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 36, 429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0081-6
Harris, E. C. y Barraclough, B. (1988). Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(1), 11–53. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.1.11
Hiller, R. M., Young, R. L. y Weber, N. (2015). Sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns for children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314568899
Head, A. M., McGillivray, J. A. y Stokes, M. A. (2014). Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders. Molecular Autism, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040- 2392-5-19
Huke, V., Turk, J., Saeidi, S., Kent, A. y Morgan, J. F. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders in eating disorder populations: a systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 21(5), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2244
Kalvya, E. (2009). Comparison of eating attitudes between adolescent girls with and without asperger syndrome. Daughters and mothers’ report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(3), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0648-5
Kinnaird, E., Norton, C., Stewart, C. y Tchanturia, K. (2018). Same behaviours, different reasons: what do patients with co-occurring anorexia and autism want for treatment? International Review of Psychiatry, 31(4), 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1531831
Lang, K., Lopez, C., Stahl, D., Tchanturia, K. y Treasure, J. (2014). Central coherence in eating disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(8), 586-598. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2014.909606
Lawson, W. (2017). Women & girls on the autism spectrum: A Profile. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 5(3), 90-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2017.05.03.4
Lie, S.O., Ro, O. y Bang, L. (2019). Is bullying and teasing associated with eating disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of eating disorders, 52(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23035
Loomes, R., Hull, L. y Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013
Lord., C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B., DiLavore, P. C., … Rutter, M. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observations Schedule-Generic: A Standar Measure of Social an Communication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Austism. Journal of Autims and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005592401947
Lucarelli, J., Pappas, D., Welchons, L. y Augustyn, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Journal of Developmental y Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(1), 79-80. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000362
Madowitz, J., Matheson, B. y Liang, J. (2015). The relationship between eating disorders and sexual trauma. Eating and weight disorders-Studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity, 20(3), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-015-0195-y
Mandy, W. y Tchanturia, K. (2015). Do women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case series. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-6-6
Mansour, S., Rozenblat, V., Fuller Tyszkiewicz, M., Paganini, C., Treasure, J. y Krug, I. (2016). Emotions mediate the relationship between autistic traits and disordered eating: A new autistic emotional model for eating pathology. Psychiatry Research, 245, 119- 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.021
Montagut, M., Romero, R. y Andrés, M. (2018). Influencia del sesgo de género en el diagnóstico de trastorno de espectro autista: una revisión. Escritos de Psicología, 11(1), 42-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2018.2804
Nickel, K., Maier, S., Endres, D., Joos, A., Maier, V., Tebarz, L. y Zeeck, A. (2019) Systematic Review: Overlap between eating, autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10(708). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00708
Nielsen, S., Anckarsater, H., Gillberg, C., Rastam, M. y Wentz, E. (2015). Effects of autism spectrum disorders on outcome in teenage-onset anorexia nervosa evaluated by the Morgan-Russell outcome assessment schedule: A controlled community-based study. Molecular Autism, 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0013-4
Ohlsson, G., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N. y Pettersson, E. (2018). Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and risk of coercive sexual victimization in childhood and adolescence – a population-based prospective twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(9), 957-965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12884
Organización Mundial de la Salud (1993). Clasificación Internacional de las Enfermedades (CIE-10). Ginebra, Suiza: OMS.
Råstam, M., Gillberg, C. y Wentz, E. (2003). Outcome of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa in a Swedish-community based sample. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-1111-y
Rastam, M. (2008). Eating disturbances in autism spectrum disorders with focus on adolescent and adult years. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(1), 31-42.
Rhind, Ch., Bonfioli, E., Hibbs, R., Goddard, E., Macdonald, P., Gowers, S., … Treasure, J. (2014). An examination of autism spectrum traits in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their parents. Molecular Autism, 5, 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-56
Sedgewick, F., Leppanen, J., Goh, F., Hayward, H., Happé, F. y Tchanturia, K. (2019). Similarities and Differences in Theory of Mind Responses of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa With and Without Autistic Features. Frontiers in Psyquiatry, 10, 318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00318
Stewart, C. S., McEwen, F. S., Konstantellou A, Eisler, I. y Simic, M. (2017). Impact of ASD Traits on treatment outcomes of eating disorders in girls. European Eating Disorders Review, 25(2), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2497
Tchanturia, K., Anderluh, M. B., Morris, R. G., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., Sanchez, P., … Treasure, J. L. (2004). Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 10(4), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704104086
Tchanturia, K., Davies, H. y Campbell, I. C. (2007). Cognitive remediation therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa: Preliminary findings. Annals of General Psychiatry, 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-6-14
Tchanturia, K., Davies, H., Reeder, C. y Wykes, T. (2010). Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa. Recuperado de: http://www.national.slam.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Cognitive-remediation-therapy-for-Anorexia-Nervosa-Kate-Tchantura.pdf
Tchanturia, K., Larsson, E. y Adamson, J. (2016). How anorexia nervosa patients with high and low autistic traits respond to group Cognitive Remediation Therapy. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 334. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1044-x
Tchanturia, K., Lloyd, S. y Lang, K. (2013). Cognitive remediation therapy for anorexia nervosa: Current evidence and future research directions. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(5), 492-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22106.
Tchanturia, K., Lounes, N. y Holttum, S. (2014). Cognitive remediation in anorexia nervosa and related conditions: a systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 22(6), 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2326
Tchanturia, K., Adamson, J., Leppanen, J. y Westwood, H. (2017). Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: A naturalistic study in an inpatient treatment programme. Autism, 23(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362361317722431
Treasure, J. y Schmidt, U. (2013). The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: A summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-13
Van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M., van Eeten, E., Groen, W. B., Van Deurzen, P. A., Oosterling, I. J. y Van der Gaag, R. J. (2014). Gender and Age Differences in the Core Triad of Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal Autism Developmental Disorders, 44, 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9
Westwood, H., Eisler, I., Mandy, W., Leppanen, J., Treasure, J. y Tchanturia, K. (2016). Using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient to Measure Autistic Traits in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal Autism Developmental Disorders, 46, 964–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2641-0
Westwood, H. y Tchanturia, K. (2017). Autism Spectrum Disorder in Anorexia Nervosa: An Updated Literature Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 19, 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0791-9
Westwood, H., Mandy, W. y Tchanturia, K. (2017). Clinical evaluation of autistic symptoms in women with anorexia nervosa. Molecular Autism, 8, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0128-x
Westwood, H., Mandy, W., Simic, M. y Tchanturia, K. (2018). Assessing ASD in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa using Clinical and Developmental Measures:a Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0301-x
Yaull-Smith, D. (2008, marzo). Girls on the spectrum. Communication. National Autistic Society. Recuperado de: https://www.autismhampshire.org.uk/assets/uploads/Dale-Yaull-Smith-Communication-Spring-2008.pdf
Zener, D. (2019). Journey to diagnosis for women with autism. Advances in autism, 5(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-10-2018-0041
