Modeling skill-based foreign language learning anxieties as a single construct and testing its predictive aspect on foreign language classroom anxiety
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.30453Keywords:
foreign language anxiety, skill-based anxieties, EFL learners, FLCASAbstract
The aim of the current study was two-fold: i) to investigate whether four skill-based foreign language anxiety scales used in the literature can be confirmed as a single construct, and ii) to explore to what extent this potential single construct can explain foreign language classroom anxiety. The participants included 385 Turkish EFL learners in a university context and data collection instruments were four skill-based anxiety scales and the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS). The results of the correlated traits and second order analysis revealed that four skill-based anxieties were confirmed as a single scale, referred to here as the skill-based foreign language learning anxiety scale (SB-FLLAS), measuring a latent variable, foreign language learning anxiety (FLLA). In addition, the SB-FLLAS explained these four anxieties with a high predictive degree on the FLCAS at 88%, demonstrated through structural equation modelling. The current study presents this new practical scale, which could be used in the measurement of skill-based anxieties, and suggests several practical and research implications for foreign language anxiety.
Downloads
References
Apple, M. (2015) A Rasch model analysis of the “Four L2 Anxieties”. In Q. Zhang Q. (Eds) Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2015 Conference Proceedings (pp. 51-70). Springer.
Brady, I. K. (2019). A multidimensional view of L2 motivation in Southeast Spain: Through the ‘ideal selves’ looking glass. Porta Linguarum, (31), 37-52.
Cheng, Y. (2004). A measure of second language writing anxiety: Scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of Second Language Writing, 13(4), 313-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2004.07.001
Cheng, Y. (2017). Development and preliminary validation of four brief measures of L2 language-skill-specific anxiety. System, 68, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.06.009
Chow B.W-Y., Chiu H.T., & Wong S.W.L. (2018). Anxiety in reading and listening English as a foreign language in Chinese undergraduate students. Language Teaching Research, 22(6), 719-738. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817702159
Elkhafaifi, H. (2005). Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 89, 206–220.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071
Hu, Li-tze, & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Gkonou, C. (2011). Anxiety over EFL speaking and writing: A view from language classrooms. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2011.1.2.6
Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious learners’ reactions to their own oral performance. Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562-570.
Kim, J. (2000). Foreign language listening anxiety: A study of Korean students leaning English [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Texas, Austin.
Khalaf, M. A. (2017). English language anxiety: Development and validation of a brief measure. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 4(2), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2017.02.005
Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2n ed.). Guilford Press.
Kuru Gönen, S. İ. (2005). The sources of foreign language reading anxiety of students in a Turkish EFL context [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Anadolu University.
Kutuk, G., Putwain, D. W., Kaye, L., & Garrett, B. (2020). Development and validation of a new multidimensional language class anxiety scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(5), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282919875881
Liu, M., & Yuan, R. (2021). Changes in and effects of foreign language classroom anxiety and listening anxiety on Chinese undergraduate students’ English proficiency in the covid-19 context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 670824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670824
Lowe, P. A. (2016). An investigation into the psychometric properties of the test anxiety measure for college students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(4), 322-336.
Nichols, A. L., & Webster, G. D. (2015). Designing a brief measure of social anxiety: Psychometric support for a three-item version of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS-3). Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 110-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.043
Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill
Pae, T-I. (2013). Skill-based L2 anxieties revisited: Their intra-relations and the inter-relations with general foreign language anxiety. Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams041
Panayides, P., & Walker, M. (2013). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the foreign language classroom anxiety scale for Cypriot senior high school EFL students: the Rasch measurement approach. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 493–516.
Pappamihiel, E. N. (2001). Moving from the ESL classroom into the mainstream: An investigation of English language anxiety in Mexican girls. Bilingual Research Journal, 25(1-2), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2001.10162783
Pappamihiel, E.N. (2002). English as a second language students and english language anxiety: Issues in the mainstream classroom. Research in the Teaching of English, 36, 327-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40171530
Phillips, E. (1992). The effects of language anxiety on students’ oral test performance and attitudes. Modern Language Journal, 76, 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1992.tb02573.x
Saito, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Garza, T. (1999). Foreign language reading anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/0026-7902.00016
Saltan, F. (2003). EFL speaking anxiety: How do students and teachers perceive it? [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Middle East Technical University.
Tabachnick, B. & Fidell, L. (2008). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon.
Teimouri, Y., Goetze, J., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Second language anxiety and achievement: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41, 363-387. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263118000311
Voorhees, M. G. (1994). Foreign language anxiety and gender. [Unpublished Master Thesis], Iowa State University.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
Winke, P. (2014). Testing hypotheses about language learning using structural equation modeling. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 34, 102-122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000075
Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315
Young, D. J. (1990). An investigation of students’ perspectives on anxiety and speaking. Foreign Language Annals, 23(6), 539-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00424.x
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.