Enfoque neuropsicológico familiar para el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH): un estudio exploratorio
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.21.1-2.40027Palabras clave:
Familia, neuropsucología, TDAH, hijo varónResumen
El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno altamente hereditario, a menudo los padres de niños con TDAH también presentan afecciones psiquiátricas. La literatura informa que los déficits de las funciones ejecutivas (DFE) están frecuentemente presentes en estos padres, lo que lleva a influencias negativas en el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) de los niños. La mayoría de estos estudios se han realizado con escalas de autoinforme, faltando investigación con pruebas neuropsicológicas formales. Explorar la presencia y la relación entre los déficits de funciones ejecutivas (DFE) y el diagnóstico psiquiátrico, en tríos familiares: madre, padre y su hijo varón con diagnóstico de TDAH. Se incluyeron 20 parejas parentales (madres y padre) con un hijo varón con diagnóstico de TDAH, viviendo en la misma casa. La evaluación se realizó con una batería de FE de amplio rango (once subpruebas) y una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada (MINI-Kid/MINI-PLUS). Se utilizó regresión binaria logística para identificar las DFE en cada grupo de participantes. Se controló el coeficiente intelectual. El 50% de las madres presentaron depresión, y 30% ansiedad, 45% de los padres presentaron TDAH. Se presentaron diversas DFE tanto clínicas como subclínicas. Tres FE fueron las principalmente afectadas: memoria de trabajo, rendimiento atencional y categorización semántica; específicamente las últimas dos se afectaron en el grupo de niños y en el de padres (hombres) con TDAH. Conclusión: las características clínicas y cognitivas de los padres imponen desafíos para el óptimo desarrollo para los niños con TDAH. Un enfoque de desarrollo neuropsicológico familiar -sistémico- para el TDAH es recomendable, evitando considerar al niño como el único miembro con de la familia con una condición clínica.
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