Children, Propaganda and War, 1914-1918: An exploration of visual archives in English city
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/hme.8.2018.18960Palavras-chave:
First World War, Photograph, Birmingham, Children at warResumo
Since 2014 there have been across Europe programmes of commemorative events to mark the Great War, 1914-18, and early amongst these events was an exhibition of photographs Paris 14-18, la guerre au quotidien at the Galerie des Bibliothéques de la Ville de Paris. The photographs were all taken by Charles Lansiaux, and record daily life in the city, from the recruitment and departure of French soldiers to victory celebrations in 1918. The exhibition importantly pointed to the fact that the Great War was the first conflict where the experiences of civilians were extensively visually documented. Further, as publicity for the exhibition noted: «La présence récurrente de groupes d’enfants dans ces photographies révèle la place nouvelle qui leur incombe, à l’aube du XXe siècle». Taking a lead from this exhibition this paper will investigate the wartime experiences of children in one English city, namely Birmingham, and how they were visually captured. In particular we will focus on documenting and analysing the connections between the representation of children at war, propaganda and the promotion of patriotism.Downloads
Referências
Audoin-Rouzeau, Stephane. «Children and primary schools of France, 1914-18». En State, society and mobilization in Europe, during the First World War, editado por John Horne, 39-52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Bailey, Victor. Delinquency and citizenship: Reclaiming the young offender, 1914-1948. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Banks, Marcus. «Visual Methods in Social Research». Social Research Update 11 (1995).
Becker, Howard. «Do photographs tell the truth?». En Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Evaluation Research, editado por Thomas Cook and Charles Reichardt.London: Sage, 1979.
Belting, Hans. An Anthropology of Images. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
Berger, John. Keeping a Rendezvous. London: Granta Books, 1992.
Boardman Smuts, Alice. Science in the Service of Children 1893-1935. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Bourke, Joanna. Dismembering the Male. Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War. London: Reaktion Books, 1996.
Brazier, Reginald H. and Ernest Sanford. Birmingham and the Great War 1914-1919. Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1921.
British Library. «The World War and Personal Expressions by Children: 150 German School Essays». 1915. www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/childrens-experiences-of-world-war-one.
Cabanes, Bruno. The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism 1918-1924. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Callister, Sandy. «Picturing Loss: Family, Photographs and the Great War». The Round Table. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 96, no. 393 (2007): 663-678.
Clarke, Graham. The Photograph. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Das, Santanu. Touch and Intimacy in First World War Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Edwards, Elizabeth. «“Little Theatres of Self”. Thinking about the Social». En We are the People. Postcards from the Collection of Tom, editado por James Fenton, Elizabeth Edwards and Tom Phillips, 29-31. London: National Portrait Gallery, 2004.
Edwards, Elizabeth. «Entangled Documents: Visualised Histories». En Susan Meiselas: In History, editado por Kristen Lubben, 330-341. Gottingen: Steidl, 2008.
Fuller, Edward. The Right of the Child. A Chapter in Social History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1951.
Goebel, Stefan. «Schools».En Capital Cities at War. Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919. Volume 2: A Cultural History, editado por Jay Winter and Jean Louis Robert, 188-235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Grosvenor, Ian and Kate Rousmaniere. «El uso de materiales visuales en la investigación histórico-educativa». Revista Mexicana de Historia de la Educación IV, no. 8 (2016): 231-53.
Grosvenor, Ian. «On Visualising Past Classrooms». En Silences and Images. The Social History of the Classroom, editado por Ian Grosvenor, Martin Lawn and Kate Rousmaniere, 83-104. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Horne, John. «Démobilisations culturelles après la Grande Guerre». En 14–18, Aujourd’hui, Today, Heute, 45–53. Paris: Éditions Noésis, 1998.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. «Approaching Visual Methodologies». En Research Methods for History, editado por Simon Gunn and Lucy Faire, 30-47. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. The Look of the Past. Visual and Material Evidence in Historical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Kennedy, Rosie. The Children’s War: Britain, 1914-1918. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Key, Ellen. The Century of the Child. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909.
Linkman, Audry and Caroline Warhurst. Family Albums. Manchester: Manchester Studies, 1982.
Malvern, Sue. Modern Art, Britain and the Great War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
Massey, Doreen. «Places and their Pasts». History Workshop Journal 39 (1995): 182-192.
Metteau, Marie-Brigitte (ed.). Paris 14-18, la guerre au quotidian. Photographies de Charles Lansiaux. Paris: Bibliotheques de la Ville de Paris, 2014.
Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
Newbury, Darren. Defiant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press, 2009.
Rasmussen, Kim. «Places For Children - Children’s Places». Childhood 11 February (2004): 156-66.
Roberts, Siân. «Exhibiting children at Risk: Child Art, International Exhibitions and Save the Children Fund, 1919-1923». Paedagogica Historica 45, no. 1-2 (2009): 171-90.
Roberts, Siân. «Place, Life Histories and the Politics of Relief: Episodes in the Life of Francesca Wilson, Humanitarian Educator Activist’». Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010.
Roberts, Siân. Birmingham: Remembering 1914-18. Stroud: The History Press, 2014.
Rollet, Catherine. «The home and family life». En Capital Cities at War. Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919. Volume 2: A Cultural History, editado por Jay Winter and Jean Louis Robert, 315-354. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Roper, Michael. The Secret Battle. Emotional Survival in the Great War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.
Scott, John. A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. London: Polity, 1990.
Sekula, Allan. Photography against the Grain. Essays and Photo Works, 1973-1983. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 1984.
Siegel, Mona L. The Moral Disarmament of France. Education, Pacifism and Patriotism, 1914-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Stewart, John. Child Guidance in Britain, 1918-1955: The Dangerous Age of Childhood. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.
Tagg, John. «The Discontinuous City: Picturing and the Discursive Field». En Visual Culture: Images and interpretations, editado por Norman Bryson, Michael Ann Holly and Keith Moset, 83-103. London: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.
Tinkler, Penny. Using Photographs in Social and Historical Research. London: Sage, 2013.
White, Jerry. Zeppelin Nights. London in the First World War. London: Bodley Head, 2014.
Williams, Val and Susan Bright. How We Are. Photographing Britain from the 1840s to the present. London: Tate Publishing, 2007.
Wilson, Francesca. Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children Fund. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967.