Las terapias cognitivas: introducción histórica y perspectivas actuales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v1i2-3.665Palabras clave:
terapias cognitivas, actualidad, Beck, Kelly, Ellis, psicología cognitivaResumen
Este trabajo analiza el surgimiento y evolución de las terapias cognitivas e intenta describir las diversas tendencias que configuran el "estado de la cuestión' actual. Así se observa cómo tales terapias no han nacido del impulso de un genio creador, sino de los esfuerzos de pensadores independientes (Beck, Ellis, Kelly), y de la llamada tendencia " cognitivo-conductual". Ya en la década de los ochenta, el desarrollo de la perspectiva constructivista (Guidano, Liotti, Mahoney, Neimeyer) supone una "revolución dentro de la revolución". Todo ello conlleva el panorama plural de las terapias cognitivas que, siguiendo la propuesta de Mahoney y Gabriel (1987), se compone de dos perspectivas epistemológicas distintas con profundas implicaciones para la conceptualización y práctica terapéutica: la racionalista y la constructivista. En este artículo se presenta una clasificación de cada una de las perspectivas. En la racionalista nos encontramos con los enfoques de entrenamiento de habilidades (de auto-control, de resolución de problemas y de afrontamiento) y los de restructuración cognitiva. En la perspectiva constructivista nos encontramos con la ya clásica terapia de constructos personales y los enfoques evolutivos (estructural, procesos de cambio y piagetianos). Tal diversidad y riqueza de planteamientos no está exenta de problemas de identidad, coherencia interna, y sobre todo de la falta de una fundamentación teórica basada en la propia psicología cognitiva.
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