Interpretando a Jim Crow: Blackface y emancipación

Autores/as

  • Thomas L. King School of Theatre and Dance. James Madison University (USA)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5944/rdh.23.2014.14953

Palabras clave:

Blackface, Grupo teatral, Gilpin, Octoroon, Robeson, Minstrel

Resumen

Resumen: En el siglo XIX, Thomas Rice, un actor estadounidense, ganó mucha fama haciendo el papel de un personaje cuya cara estaba pintada de negro con el nombre Jim Crow. Se le da crédito a Rice la creación de grupos de actores que se pintaron la cara de negro (un estilo denominado blackface) que luego otros se pusieron a imitarlos con la esperanza de emular su éxito. El Jim Crow de Rice dio nombre a una serie de leyes y costumbres diseñadas para repudiar la emancipación de esclavos africanos. Los espectáculos de los actores en blackface representaron una versión idealizada de la vida de los esclavos en una hacienda sureña. Paradójicamente, mientras el blackface revocó la emancipación de los esclavos sobre el escenario, emancipó el teatro estadounidense de sus orígenes británicas y su público que consistía en obreros inmigrantes de baja clase social. De vez en cuando hasta representó un revés irónico del estatus barriobajero de los mismos esclavos africanos cuya libertad por proclamación y enmienda constitucional, la representación quiso negar. Las contradicciones en la historia de espectáculos teatrales blackface en los Estados Unidos ponen de manifiesto ansiedades estadounidenses sobre la raza, clase social, emancipación y hasta la construcción misma de los conceptos de blancura étnica y negrura étnica/blancura y étnica.

Abstract: A nineteenth-century American actor named Thomas Rice was sensationally popular as a blackface character named Jim Crow. His popularity is credited with giving birth to blackface minstrelsy as others began to imitate him in the hope of emulating his success. Rices Jim Crow provided a name for laws and customs designed to repudiate the emancipation of African slaves. Blackface minstrelsy staged an idealized version of slave life on a southern plantation. Paradoxically, as blackface revoked the emancipation of slaves on stage, it emancipated the American theatre from its British origins and its audience of recently immigrated laborers from a low social position. It even occasionally performed an ironic reversal of the subaltern status of the very African slaves whose freedom by proclamation and constitutional amendment the performance sought to negate. Contradictions in the history of blackface performance in the United States stage American anxieties about race, class, emancipation, and the very construction of the concepts of blackness and whiteness.

 

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Biografía del autor/a

Thomas L. King, School of Theatre and Dance. James Madison University (USA)

Thomas L. King is Emeritus Professor of Theatre at James Madison University in the United States. He holds a PhD in theatre from Indiana University. He taught theatre at Sweet Briar College for five years and at James Madison University for thirty years. He was Senior Fulbright Lecturer at Hacettepe University in Ankara, Turkey for the academic year 1996-97. He is interested in choruses that dance in Greek drama and has directed his translations of the Bacchae and the Medea with dancing choruses. Since he retired from teaching he continues to direct and design in community theatre and is pursuing research in how theatre and performance assert and define identity. His paper “Between Piety and Sacrilege: Muslim Theatre and Performance” will be published in Theatre Symposium, 2013, ed. Edward Bert Wallace. He has also published “Talk and Dramatic Action in American Buffalo,” Modern Drama, December, 1991 and “Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie,” Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie, ed. R. B. Parker, Yale, 1983 which was first published as “Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie,” Educational Theatre Journal, spring 1973.

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Cómo citar

King, T. L. (2015). Interpretando a Jim Crow: Blackface y emancipación. Revista de Humanidades, (23), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.5944/rdh.23.2014.14953