Predictores de síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés a partir del brote epidémico de COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.28090Palabras clave:
Salud mental, COVID-19, pandemia, confinamiento, cuarentenaResumen
Predictors of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms from the COVID-19 outbreak
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented global crisis, with dramatic changes in people’s living conditions and mental health. The aim of this study is to establish predictors of depression, anxiety and stress in people affected by the epidemiological outbreak of COVID-19. Participants comprised 2,376 individuals over 18 years old, 79.6% women, who answered the Scale of Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21), in addition to scales to assess subjective severity, the search for social support and data related to COVID-19. It was observed that their main predictors were younger age, sleep problems, feeling lonely, not talking about their fears and subjective severity. The conclusion is that there are population groups at risk of experiencing higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress, which evidences the need to develop prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the psychological impact of the pandemic.
Keywords: Mental health; COVID-19; pandemic; confinement; quarantine.
Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado una crisis mundial sin precedentes, con cambios drásticos en las condiciones de vida y en la salud mental de las personas. El propósito de este estudio es establecer predictores de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en personas afectadas por el brote epidemiológico de COVID-19. Participaron 2,376 personas mayores de 18 años, un 79.6% mujeres, quienes contestaron la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21), además de escalas para evaluar la severidad subjetiva, la búsqueda de apoyo social y datos relacionados con COVID-19. Se observó que sus principales predictores fueron tener menor edad, problemas para dormir, sentirse solo, no hablar de sus temores y la severidad subjetiva. Se concluye que existen grupos de población en riesgo de experimentar niveles más altos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, lo que evidencia la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de prevención e intervención para reducir el impacto psicológico de la pandemia.
Palabras clave: Salud mental; COVID-19; pandemia; confinamiento; cuarentena.
Descargas
Citas
Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., ... & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052
Alzugaray, C., García, F., Reyes, A. & Álvarez, R. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión breve de la Escala de Rumiación Relacionada a un Evento en población chilena afectada por eventos altamente estresantes. Ajayu, 13(2), 183-198.
Antúnez, Z., & Vinet, E. V. (2013). Problemas de salud mental en estudiantes de una universidad regional chilena. Revista Médica de Chile, 141(2), 209-216.
Asher, S. R. & Paquette, J. A. (2003) Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 75-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01233
Balaratnasingam, S., & Janca, A. (2006). Mass hysteria revisited. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19, 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000214343.59872.7a
Berman, S. (2009). Pediatría en Desastres. Madrid: Médica.
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395, 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Bollen, K. & Long, J. S. (1994). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-expose dadults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
Brooks, S. K, Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Gideon, J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K., Vishnevsky, T. & Lindstrom, C. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The Event Related Rumination Inventory. Anxiety, Stress &Coping, 24, 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.529901
Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
Cowling, B. J., Ng, D.M.W., Ip, D.., Liao, Q., Lam, W., Wu, J., Lau, J., Griffiths, S. M., & Fielding, R. (2010). Community psychological and behavioral responses through the first wave of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in Hong Kong. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 6 (15) 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1086/655811
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
García, F., Cova, F., & Reyes, A. (2014). Severidad del trauma, optimismo, crecimiento postraumático y bienestar en sobrevivientes de un desastre natural. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-2.stop
García, F., & Miranda, F. (2019). Predictores de sintomatología postraumática aguda y crecimiento post-estrés tras un accidente laboral reciente. Actualidades en Psicología, 33(126), 117-135. https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v33i126.32680
García, F., Capponi, C., Hinrichs, F., Lillo, F., Rodríguez, C., & Sánchez, J. (2016). Violencia policial y afrontamiento: crecimiento postraumático en pobladores de una comunidad aislada del sur de Chile. Universitas Psychologica, 15(4), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-4.vpac
García, F., Vega, N., Briones, F. & Bulnes, Y. (2018). Rumiación, crecimiento y sintomatología postraumática en personas que han vivido experiencias altamente estresantes. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 36(3), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.4983
Ibáñez, J. E., Alberdi, Í., & Díaz, M. (2020). International Mental Health perspectives on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 13(2): 111-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.002
Irmansyah, I., Dharmono, S., Maramis, A., & Minas, H. (2010). Determinants of psychological morbidity in survivors of the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh and Nias. International. Journal of Mental Health Systems 4(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-8
John, P., Russell, S., & Russell, P. (2007). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents affected by tsunami disaster in Tamil Nadu. Disaster Manag Response 5(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.001
Johns Hopkins University (2020). Coronavirus Resource Center. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/
Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., & Mathis, A. A. (2020). Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000121X
Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2020). Online mental healthservices in China duringthe COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e17–e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20) 30077-8
Lommen, M., Sanders, A., Buck, N., & Arntz, A. (2009). Psychosocial predictors of chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Sri Lankan tsunami survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(1), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.009
Lovibond, S., & Lovibond P. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation of Australia.
Maher, S., Hill, A. E., Britton, P., Fenichel, E. P., Daszak, P., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., & Bayham, J. (2020). A COVID-19 Risk Assessment for the US Labor Force. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063776
McAlonan, G., Lee, A., & Cheung, V. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry., 52, 241–247. http://doi: 10.1177/070674370705200406.
Ministerio de Salud (2020). Informe epidemiológico n°37. Enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Santiago, Chile: Minsal. Disponible en https://www.minsal.cl/37-informe-epidemiologico-covid-19/
Mitchell, M., Burns, N., & Dorstyn, D. (2008). Screening for depression and anxiety in spinal cordin jury with DASS-21. Spinal Cord, 46, 547-551.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102154
Orcasita, L. & Uribe, A. (2010). La importancia del apoyo social en el bienestar de los adolescentes. Psychologia: Avances de la Disciplina, 4 (2), 69-82.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Brote de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). Ginebra, Suiza: OMS. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Ozamiz, N., Dosil., M., Picaza, M., & Idoiaga, N (2020). Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4), e00054020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00054020.
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nation wide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Rimé, B., Páez, D., Basabe, N. & Martínez, F. (2009). Social sharing of emotion, post-traumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow-up of Spanish citizen’s response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1029-1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.700
Román, M. (2010). Validación de la versión abreviada de las escalas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés (DASS – 21) en adolescentes estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Temuco. (Tesis de Magíster). Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
Román, F., Santibáñez, P., & Vinet, E. V. (2016). Uso de las Escalas de Depresión Ansiedad Estrés (DASS-21) como instrumento de tamizaje en jóvenes con problemas clínicos. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 6(1), 2325-2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2007-4719(16)30053-9
Román, F., Vinet, E. V., & Alarcón, A. M. (2014). Escalas de Depresión Ansiedad Estrés (DASS-21): Adaptación y propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes secundarios de Temuco. Revista Argentina Clínica Psicológica, 23(2), 179-190.
Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., ... & Bennett, K. M. (in press). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/HB6NQ
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek. D. M. (2020). Public responses tothe novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74, 281-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, O. (2011). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
Wickrama, K. A. S., & Kaspar, V. (2007). Family context of mental health risk in Tsunami-exposed adolescents: Findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine, 64(3), 713-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.031
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., ... & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234
Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., & Hoven, C. W. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504
Xu, J., & Song, X. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake 1 year after: Prevalence and risk factors. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.002
Yip, P. S. F., Cheung, Y. T., Chau, P. H., & Law, Y. W. (2010). The impact of epidemic outbreak: The case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and suicide among older adults in Hong Kong. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 31(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000015
Zhu, X., Wu, S., Miao, D., Li, Y. (2008). Changes in emotion of the Chinese public in regard to the SARS period. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 36(4) 447–453. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.4.447
