Temperament and attachment as predictive factors for the risk of addiction to substances in adolescents.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.23.num.3.2018.21423Keywords:
Risk of addiction, temperament, attachment, adolescence.Agencies:
Universitat de Girona, Departament d'Ensenyament de la Generalitat de CatalunyaAbstract
Abstract: This study aims to relate the dimensions of temperament and attachment with the risk of addiction to substances in a group of 642 adolescents between 13 and 19 years old, and to assess which dimensions of these constructs acted as risk or protective factors. It also relates the two constructs between them. There was a positive correlation between the risk of addiction and the temperament dimension "Novelty seeking" and with those of attachment, "Self-sufficiency and parental resentment" and "Child trauma". The correlation was negative with "Persistence" (temperament) and "Security" (attachment). "Novelty seeking", "Family concern" and age, acted as risk factors; whereas “Security” in attachment was a factor of protection. The temperament and attachment profiles with a higher risk of addiction correlated with each other; they also correlated those with a low risk.
Resumen: Temperamento y apego como factores predictivos para el riesgo de adicción a sustancias en adolescentes.Este estudio busca relacionar las dimensiones de temperamento y apego con el riesgo de adicción a sustancias en un grupo de 642 adolescentes de entre 13 y 19 años, y valorar qué dimensiones de estos constructos actúan como factores de riesgo o de protección. También se relacionan los dos constructos entre ellos. Hubo una correlación positiva entre el riesgo de adicción y la dimensión de temperamento “Búsqueda de novedad”, y con las de apego “Autosuficiencia y rencor hacia los padres” y “Trauma infantil”. La correlación fue negativa con “Persistencia” (temperamento) y “Seguridad” (apego). “Búsqueda de la novedad”, “Preocupación familiar” y edad, actuaron como factores de riesgo; mientras que la “Seguridad “en el apego fue un factor de protección. Los perfiles de temperamento y apego con riesgo más elevado de adicción correlacionaron entre ellos; también correlacionaron aquellos con un riesgo bajo.
Downloads
References
Ainsworth, M. (1966). Reversible and irreversible effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development. In Harvey O.J. (eds.) Experience Structure & Adaptability (pp. 149-168) Berlín: Springer Nature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/948-3-662-40230-6_8
Ainsworth, M. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. The American Psychologist, 34(10), 932–937. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932
American Psychological Association (APA). (1995). DSM-IV-TR Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. DSM-IV-TR Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Barcelona: Masson.
Balluerka, N., Lacasa, F., Gorostiaga, A., Muela, A. and Pierrehumbert, B. (2011). Versión reducida del cuestionario CaMir (CaMir-R) para la evaluación del apego. Psicothema, 23(3), 486-494.
Belsky, J. and Rovine, M. (1987). Temperament and attachment security in the strange situation: an empirical rapprochement. Child Development, 58(3), 787–795. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.ep7264801
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment: Attachment and loss. vol: 1. New York: Basic Books.
Chess, S. and Thomas, A. (1977). Temperamental individuality from childhood to adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 16(2), 218–226. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60038-8
Chess, S. and Thomas, A. (1982). Infant bonding: Mystique and reality. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(2), 213–222. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb02683.x
Cloninger, C. R. (2008). The psychobiological theory of temperament and character: comment on Farmer and Goldberg (2008). Psychological Assessment, 20(3), 292–299. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1037/a0012933
Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M. and Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) : A Guide to Its Development and Use. St.Louis: Center for Psichology of Personality.
De Lucas, M. T. and Montañés, F. (2006). Estilos y representaciones de apego en consumidores de drogas. Revista Adicciones, 18(4), 377–385.
Gadow, K. D. and Sprafkin, G. (1999). Youth’s Inventory 4 Manual. Stony Brook, N.Y.: Checkmate Plus.
García, F. and Musitu, G. (1999). Autoconcepto forma 5. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597–605. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K
Josefsson, K., Jokela, M., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, C. R., Pulkki-Råback, L., Merjonen, P., Hutri-Kähönen, N. and Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2013). Parental care-giving and home environment predicting offspring’s temperament and character traits after 18 years. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 643–651. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.007
Ledoux, S., Sizaret, A., Hassler, C. and Choquet, M. (2000). Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la adolescencia. Análisis de los estudios de cohorte. Adicciones, 12(2), 255–279.
Lee, S. J., Cloninger, C. R., Park, S. H. and Chae, H. (2015). The association of parental temperament and character on their children’s behavior problems. PeerJ, 3(July), 1–11. DOI: http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1464
Luby, J. L., Svrakic, D. M., McCallum, K., Przybeck, T. R. and Cloninger, C. R. (1999). The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory: Preliminary Validation of a Child Self-Report Measure. Psychological Reports, 84(3_suppl), 1127–1138. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1127
Main, M. and Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton and W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
Malo, S., González, M., Casas, F., Viñas, F., Gras, M. E. and Bataller, S. (2014). Adaptación al catalán. In F. Garcia and G. Musitu (Eds.), AF5. Autoconcepto-Forma 5 (pp. 69–88). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Miljkovitch, R. (2001). L’attachement au cours de la vie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3917
Miljkovitch, R., Pierrehumbert, B., Karmaiola, B., Bader, A. and Halfon, O. (2005). Assessing attachment cognitions and their associations with depression in youth with eating or drug misuse disorders. Substance Use & Misuse, 4(5), 605–623. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1081
Monras, M., Mondon, S. and Jou, J. (2008). Using the temperament and character inventory (TCI) to predict outcome after inpatient detoxification during 100 days of outpatient treatment. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43(5), 583–588. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn047
Paulino, S., Pombo, S., Ismail, F., Figueira, M. L. and Lesch, O. (2017). The role of affective temperament as a predictor of relapse in alcohol dependence. Personality and Mental Health. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1373
Pelaz, A., Bayón, C., Fernández, A. and Rodríguez, P. (2010). Invenatrio Infanto-Juvenil de Temperamento y carácter. Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 4(4), 319–330.
Pierrehumbert, B. (1996). Les modeles de relations. Developpement d’un autoquestionnaire d’attachement pour adultes. La Psychiatrie de L’enfant, 39(1), 161–206.
Pierrehumbert, B., Bader, M., Miljkovitch, R., Mazet, P., Amar, M. and Halfon, O. (2002). Strategies of emotion regulation in adolescents and young adults with substance dependence or eating disorders. Clinical Psychology and Psycotherapy, 9(6), 384–394. DOI: http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.339
Pierrehumbert, B., Miljkovitch, R., Plancherel, B. and Halfon, O. (2000). Attachment and temperament in early childhood; Implications for later behavior problems. Infant and Child Development, 9, 17–32. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7219(200003)9:1%3C17::AID-ICD212%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
Pinedo, J. T. and Santelices, M. P. (2006). Apego adulto: los modelos operantes internos y la teoría de la mente. Terapia Psicológica, 24(2), 201–210.
Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships and infant temperament. Child Development, 56(1), 1–14. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.ep7252379
Thompson, R. A. and Lamb, M. E. (1984). Assessing qualitative dimensions of emotional responsiveness in infants: Separation reactions in the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development, 7(4), 423–445. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80004-1
Yuchang, J., Cuicui, S., Junxiu, A. and Junyi, L. (2017). Attachment Styles and Smartphone Addiction in Chinese College Students: the Mediating Roles of Dysfunctional Attitudes and Self-Esteem. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(5), 1122–1134. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9772-9
Zilberman, M. L., Tavares, H. and el-Guebaly, N. (2003). Relationship between craving and personality in treatment-seeking women with substance-related disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 3(1), 1-5. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-3-1
