Evaluación de las experiencias de tipo psicótico en adolescentes españoles: Baremación del Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.26916Palabras clave:
Psicosis, experiencias de tipo psicótico, adolescentes, jóvenes, validación, baremaciónResumen
Assessment of psychotic-like experiences in Spanish adolescents: Normative data of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B)
Abstract: The main objective of this work was to establish the normative data of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B) in a representative sample of Spanish adolescents. A total of 3,441 adolescents (M = 15.91 years, SD = 1.33 years) were selected by sampling stratified by clusters. The results showed that the point prevalence of psychotic-like experiences varied between 12% and 48%. An 82.9% of the sample reported at least one attenuated psychotic-like experience. Percentile norms were made for the total score and according to gender. The PQ-B is a brief, simple, useful measuring instrument with adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of subclinical psychosis phenotype in the Spanish adolescent population. It is transcendental that the psychologists have adequate tools for a reliable and valid assessment of this phenomenon in order to make informed decisions and optimize educational and socio-health resources.
Keywords: Psychosis; psychotic experiences; adolescents; youth; validation; norms.
Resumen: El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue baremar el Cuestionario de Pródromos-Breve (Prodromal Questionnaire- Brief, PQ-B) a partir de una muestra representativa de adolescentes españoles. Un total de 3441 adolescentes (M = 15.91 años, DT = 1.33 años) fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo estratificado por conglomerados. Los resultados mostraron que la prevalencia puntual de experiencias psicóticas osciló entre el 12% y el 48%. Un 82.9% de la muestra refirió al menos una experiencia psicótica atenuada. Los baremos tipo percentiles se confeccionaron para la puntuación total y en función del género. El PQ-B es un instrumento de medida breve, sencillo, útil y con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la valoración de las experiencias de tipo psicótico en población adolescente española. Es transcendental que el profesional de la psicología disponga de adecuadas herramientas para la evaluación fiable y válida de este fenómeno de cara a tomar decisiones fundamentadas y optimizar los recursos educativos y socio-sanitarios.
Palabras clave: Psicosis; experiencias de tipo psicótico; adolescentes; jóvenes; validación; baremación.
Descargas
Citas
Bak, M., Krabbendam, L., Janssen, I., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., y van Os, J. (2005). Early trauma may increase the risk for psychotic experiences by impacting on emotional response and perception of control. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00646.x
Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16, 5–13.
Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Merikangas, K. R., Burstein, M., Satterthwaite, T. D., Bilker, W. B., Kosha, R. Chiavacci, D. Wolf, D. H., Mentch, F., Qiu, H., Connolly, J. J., Sleiman, P.A., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R.C., y Gur, R. E. (2014). The psychosis spectrum in a young U.S. community sample: Findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20152
Cicero, D. C., Krieg, A., y Martin, E. A. (2019). Measurement Invariance of the Prodromal Questionnaire–Brief Among White, Asian, Hispanic, and Multiracial Populations. Assessment, 26, 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116687391
Cooke, A. (2014). Comprender la Psicosis. (Edición española). The British Psychological Society (Divison of Clinical Psychology).
Cougnard, A., Marcelis, M., Myin-Germeys, I., De Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., Krabbendam, L., y Van Os, J. (2007). Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychological Medicine, 37, 513–527. https://.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706009731
Debbané, M., Eliez, S., Badoud, D., Conus, P., Flückiger, R., y Schultze-Lutter, F. (2015). Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 396-407. https://.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu176
Dolphin, L., Dooley, B., y Fitzgerald, A. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of psychotic like experiences in a nationally representative community sample of adolescents in Ireland. Schizophrenia Research, 169, 217–241. https://.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.005
Espina, M. y Calvete, E. (2017). Estilos de afrontamiento y generación de estrés interpersonal en adolescentes. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 22, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.22.num.1.2017.16825
Fernández-León, S., Senín-Calderón, C., Gutiérrez-López, M. L., y Rodríguez-Testal, J. F. (2019). Spanish validation of the Aberrant Salience Inventory in a general adolescent population. Psicothema, 31(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.308
Fisher, H. L., Caspi, A., Poulton, R., Meier, M. H., Houts, R., Harrington, H., Arseneault, L y Moffitt, T. E. (2013). Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2077–2086. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712003091
Fonseca-Pedero, E., Ortuño-Sierra, J., Inchausti, F., Rodríguez-Testal, J. F., y Debbané, M. (2020). Beyond clinical high-risk state for psychosis: the network structure of multidimensional psychosis liability in Adolescents. Frontiers of Psychiatry, 10,967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00967
Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2018a). Análisis de redes en psicología. Papeles del Psicologo, 39, 1–12.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (coord.) (2018b). Evaluación de los trastornos del espectro psicótico. Pirámide.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (coord.) (2019). Tratratamientos psicológicos para la psicosis. Pirámide.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Debbané, M., Ortuño-Sierra, J., Chan, R. C. K., Cicero, D. C., Zhang, L. C., … Jablensky, A. (2018). The structure of schizotypal personality traits: a cross-national study. Psychological Medicine, 48, 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001829
Fonseca-Pedrero, E, Gooding, D. C., Ortuño-Sierra, J., y Paino, M. (2016). Assessing self-reported clinical high risk symptoms in community-derived adolescents: A psychometric evaluation of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.01.013
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Gooding, D., Debbané, M., & Muñiz, J. (2016). Psychopathology: Psychosis assessment and high-risk paradigms. En F. T. L. Leong, D. Bartram, F. Cheung, K. F. Geisinger, & D. Iliescu (Eds.), The ITC International Handbook of Testing and Assessment (pp. 147-170). Oxford University Press.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E, Santarén-Rosell, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Sierra-Baigrie, S., y Muñiz, J. (2011). Síntomas psicóticos subclínicos en población general adolescente. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39, 155–162.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., y Inchausti, F. (2018). An update in the prevention of psychosis spectrum disorders. Papeles del Psicologo, 39, 127–139. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2860
Fonseca-Pedrero, E, Inchausti, F., Pérez-Albéniz, A., y Ortuño-Sierra, J. (2018). Validation of the Prodromal Questionnaire–Brief in a representative sample of adolescents: Internal structure, norms, reliability, and links with psychopathology. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27, e1740. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1740
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino-Piñeiro, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Villazón-García, U., y Muñiz, J. (2009). Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Form in adolescents. Schizophrenia Research, 111(1–3), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.006
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Debbané, M., Rodríguez-Testal, J. F., Cohen, A. S., Docherty, A. R., y Ortuño-Sierra, J. (2021). Schizotypy: The Way Ahead. Psicothema, 33(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.285
Fusar-Poli, P, Carpenter, W. T., Woods, S. W., y McGlashan, T. H. (2014). Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome: Ready for DSM-5.1? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 155–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153645
Fusar-Poli, P, Tantardini, M., De Simone, S., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Oliver, D., Kingdon, J., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Valmaggia, L., Lee, J., Millan, M. J., Galderisi, S., Balottin, U., Ricca, V., y McGuire, P. (2017). Deconstructing vulnerability for psychosis: Meta-analysis of environmental risk factors for psychosis in subjects at ultra high-risk. European Psychiatry, 40, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.09.003
Fusar-Poli, P., McGorry, P. D., y Kane, J. M. (2017). Improving outcomes of first-episode psychosis: an overview. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20446
Fusar-Poli, P., Salazar de Pablo, G., Correll, C. U., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Millan, M. J., Borgwardt, S., Galderisi, S., Bechdolf, A., Pfennig, A., Kessing, L. V., van Amelsvoort , T., Nieman, D. H., Domschke, K., Krebs, M. O., Koutsouleris, N., McGuire, P., Do, K.Q, y Arango, C. (2020). Prevention of Psychosis: Advances in Detection, Prognosis, and Intervention. JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 755-765. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4779
Hernández, A., Ponsoda, V., Muñiz, J., Prieto, G., y Elosua, P. (2016). Revisión del modelo para evaluar la calidad de los tests utilizados en España. Papeles del Psicólogo, 37, 192–197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.12.1.62
Howes, O. D., y Murray, R. M. (2014). Schizophrenia: An integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model. Lancet, 383(9929), 1677–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62036-X
Kahn, R. S., Sommer, I. E., Murray, R. M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Weinberger, D. R., Cannon, T. D., O'Donovan, M., Correll, C.U., Kane, J. M., van Os, J., e Insel, T. R. (2015). Schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, 15067. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.67
Kalman, J. L., Bresnahan, M., Schulze, T. G., y Susser, E. (2019). Predictors of persisting psychotic like experiences in children and adolescents: A scoping review. Schizophrenia research, 209, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.012
Kaymaz, N., Drukker, M., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Werbeloff, N., Weiser, M., … van Os, J. (2012). Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results. Psychological Medicine, 20, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002911
Kelleher, I., Connor, D., Clarke, M. C., Devlin, N., Harley, M., y Cannon, M. (2012). Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychological Medicine, 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002960
Kelleher, I., Keeley, H., Corcoran, P., Ramsay, H., Wasserman, C., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C., Wasserman, D., y Cannon, M. (2013). Childhood Trauma and Psychosis in a Prospective Cohort Study: Cause, Effect, and Directionality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 734–741. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091169
Kline, E., y Schiffman, J. (2014). Psychosis risk screening: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 158, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.036
Kwapil, T. R., y Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy: Looking back and moving forward. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, S366-373. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu186
Lemos Giráldez, S., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., y Vallina, O. (2015). Esquizofrenia y otros trastornos psicóticos. Síntesis.
Linscott, R. J., y van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43, 1133–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001626
Loewy, R. L., Bearden, C. E., Johnson, J. K., Raine, A., y Cannon, T. D. (2005). The Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ): preliminary validation of a self-report screening measure for prodromal and psychotic syndromes. Schizophrenia Research, 79, 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.03.007
Loewy, R. L., Pearson, R., Vinogradov, S., Bearden, C. E., y Cannon, T. D. (2011). Psychosis risk screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire--brief version (PQ-B). Schizophrenia Research, 129, 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.029
McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J.M., Chiu, W. T., de Jonge, P., Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hu, C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lepine, J. P., Lim, C.C.W., Medina Mora, M. E., …Kessler, R. C. (2015). Psychotic experiences in the general population: a cross-national analysis based on 31,261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575
Millan, M. J., Andrieux, A., Bartzokis, G., Cadenhead, K., Dazzan, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Gallinat, J., Giedd, J., Grayson, D. R., Heinrichs, M., Kahn, R., Krebs, M. O., Leboyer, M., Lewis, D., Marin, O., Marin, P., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., McGorry, P., McGuire, P., …Weinberger, D. (2016). Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 15(7), 485–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.28
Muñiz, J., y Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcción de un test. Psicothema, 31, 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.291
Muñiz, J., Hernández, A., y Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2020). Utilización de los test en España: el punto de vista de los psicólogos. Papeles del Psicólogo, 41, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2921
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., y Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2012). The continuum of psychotic symptoms in the general population: A cross-national study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 475–485 https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq099
Ord, L., Myles-Worsley, M., Blailes, F., y Ngiralmau, H. (2004). Screening for prodromal adolescents in an isolated high-risk population. Schizophrenia Research, 71, 507–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.03.014
Pérez-Álvarez, M. (2018). Para pensar la psicología más allá de la mente y el cerebro: un enfoque transteórico. Papeles del Psicólogo, 39, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2875
Pérez-Álvarez, M. (2012). Las raíces de la psicopatología moderna: La melancolía y la esquizofrenia. Pirámide.
Pérez-Álvarez, M., y García-Montes, J. M. (2018). Evaluacion fenomenológica más allá de los síntomas. In Evaluación de los trastornos del espectro psicótico (pp. 331–363). Pirámide.
Pérez-Álvarez, M., Montes-García, J. M., y Louis, S. (2010). La Hora de la Fenomenología en la Esquizofrenia. Clínica y Salud, 21(3), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.5093/cl2010v21n3a2
Radua, J., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Reichenberg, A., Phiphopthatsanee, N., Amir, T., Thoo, H. Y., Oliver, D., Davies, C., Morgan, C., McGuire, P., Murray, R. M., y Fusar-Poli, P. (2018). What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors. World Psychiatry, 17, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20490
Savill, M., D’Ambrosio, J., Cannon, T. D., y Loewy, R. L. (2018). Psychosis risk screening in different populations using the Prodromal Questionnaire: A systematic review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12446
Stefanis, N. C., Hanssen, M., Smirnis, N. K., Avramopoulos, D. A., Evdokimidis, I. K., Stefanis, C. N., Verdoux, H., y van Os, J. (2002). Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701005141
Strauss, G. P., Raugh, I. M., Mittal, V. A., Gibb, B. E., y Coles, M. E. (2018). Bullying victimization and perpetration in a community sample of youth with psychotic like experiences. Schizophrenia Research, 195, 534-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.056
van Os, J., y Linscott, R. J. (2012). Introduction: The extended psychosis phenotype - Relationship with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(2), 227–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr188
van Os, J., y Reininghaus, U. (2016). Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20310
Zammit, S., Kounali, D., Cannon, M., David, A. S., Gunnell, D., Heron, J., Jones, P., Lewis, S., Sullivan, S., Wolke, D., Lewis, G. (2013). Psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders at age 18 in relation to psychotic experiences at age 12 in a longitudinal population-based cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060768
