A Surprising Mirative Coordinate Structure in Basque

Authors

  • Xabier Artiagoitia Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5944/rllcgv.vol.30.2025.46727

Keywords:

mirativity, mirative focus, wh-words, coordination, Basque grammar

Abstract

Basque has a coordinate structure of the type [wh-word and X] to express surprise, described by de Rijk (1972, 2008) and scarcely studied in Basque grammatical works since. This article argues that this structure aligns fully with the typological category of mirativity (DeLancey 1997, 2001; Aikhenvald 2012) and corresponds to the description of mirative focus (Fábregas 2016, Cruschina 2021). Within the construction, the wh-word (first conjunct) carries an existential meaning («there is an ‘x’»), while the second conjunct specifies the value of the variable introduced by the wh-word, adding the nuance that this value is unexpected or extraordinary. Attested in written Basque since the 19th century, the [wh-word and X] structure appears to be restricted
to the Southern Basque Country.

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Published

2025-10-17

How to Cite

Artiagoitia, X. (2025). A Surprising Mirative Coordinate Structure in Basque. Revista de lenguas y literaturas catalana, gallega y vasca, 30, 223–244. https://doi.org/10.5944/rllcgv.vol.30.2025.46727

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