Constantino y Carlomagno como gobernantes sabios en la obra de Eusebio de Cesarea y Alcuino de York: la realeza sapiencial en la Antigüedad Tardía y la Alta Edad Media
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.34.2021.30050Palabras clave:
Realeza sapiencial; Teología de la Sabiduría; Imperio Romano Cristiano; Constantino el Grande; Imperio Carolingio; Carlomagno; Eusebio de Cesarea; Alcuino de York.Resumen
Una y otra vez Eusebio de Cesarea y Alcuino de York eligieron presentar en sus escritos a sus soberanos, los emperadores Constantino el Grande y Carlomagno, como gobernantes sabios, vistiéndoles con ropajes platónicos y salomónicos. Entendemos que para entender este discurso sapiencial sobre la realeza debemos rastrear sus raíces hasta la recepción cristiana de la tradición sapiencial grecorromana y bíblica.
A un tiempo el primer Emperador cristiano y el primer ‘Príncipe Teólogo’, Constantino el Grande ha sido vilipendiado como un tirano despiadado y un gobernante iletrado por autores antiguos y modernos. Sin embargo, todos los indicios apuntan a que fue el príncipe con la más alta formación cultural desde el siglo II d.C. y un devoto mecenas de las artes. Fue capaz no sólo de participar activamente en un griego fluido en los acalorados debates del Concilio de Nicea, sino también de escribir complejos tratados teológicos que defendieron una profunda teología política que incorporó ideas y expresiones de una gran variedad de fuentes, tanto cristianas como paganas. En este sentido, Eusebio nos presenta un retrato del primer emperador cristiano que es apropiadamente salomónico. En la narrativa constantiniana de Eusebio, el Emperador desempeña un papel sapiencial como carismático ‘Emperador-Predicador’, además de teólogo coronado. En este sentido, parece que la teología cristiana era importante para Constantino en la medida en que la sabiduría religiosa tenía una clara dimensión política, siendo así una prerrogativa principesca, y por lo tanto parte integral de los arcana Imperii. Cinco siglos más tarde, Alcuino de York representó en un estilo constantiniano a Carlomagno como un Rey-Predicador (Rex praedicator). Si comparamos la imagen sapiencial de la realeza en los textos constantinianos y carolingios, salta a la vista un notable parecido que apunta a una continuidad ideológica básica.
Descargas
Citas
Primary Sources.
ALCUIN OF YORK, De ratione animae, ed. J. J. M. Curry, A Text with Introduction, Critical Apparatus, and Translation, Dissertation, Cornell University, 1961.
ALCUIN OF YORK, Epistolae, ed. E. Dümmler, M.G.H. Epistolae, IV, vol. 2. Berlin, Weidmann, 1895.
AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, Res Gestae, ed. J. C. Rolfe, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 331, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1939.
AURELIUS VICTOR, Epitome de Caesaribus, ed. Th. M. Banchich, Buffalo, NY., Canisius College, 2018.
EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA, Vita Constantini, ed. A. Cameron and S. Hall, Life of Constantine, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999.
EUNAPIUS OF SARDIS, Vitae Sophistarum, ed. W. C. Wright, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 134, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989.
PLATO, Republic, ed. R. Waterfield, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993.
PORPHYRY OF TYRE, Vita Plotini (Plotinus), ed. A. H. Armstrong, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 440, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1968.
Secondary Sources.
AITKEN Ellen B., «An Early Christian Homerizon? Decoy, Direction, and Doxology», The Homerizon. Conceptual Interrogations in Homeric Studies, Armstrong, R. and Dué, C. (eds.), Classics@, 3 (2006), https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/1309
ALBERI, Mary, «The Better Paths of Wisdom: Alcuin's Monastic True Philosophy and the Worldly Court», Speculum, 76/4 (2001), pp. 896-910.
ALFÖLDI, Andreas, The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1948.
ALFÖLDY, Géza, Römische Sozialgeschichte, Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner, 1975.
ANTON Hans Hubert, Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit, Bonn, Röhrscheid Verlag, 1968.
AYRES, Lewis, Nicaea and Its Legacy. An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
BARNARD, Leslie W., Athenagoras: A Study in Second Century Christian Apologetic, Paris, Beauchesne, 1972.
BARNES, Timothy D., Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, Oxford, Blackwell, 2011.
BARNES, Timothy D., Constantine and Eusebius, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1981.
BARNES, Timothy D., «The Emperor Constantine’s Good Friday Sermon», Journal of Theological Studies, 27 (1976), pp. 414-423.
BARNES, Timothy D., «Lactantius and Constantine», The Journal of Roman Studies, 63 (1973), pp. 29-46.
BARNWELL, P. S., Emperors, Prefects and Kings. The Roman West, 395-565, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
BAYNES, Norman H., Constantine the Great and the Christian Church, London, British Academy, 1931.
BEATRICE, Pier Franco, «The Word Homoousios from Hellenism to Christianity», Church History, 71, (2002), pp. 243-272.
BLECKMANN, Bruno, «Ein Kaiser als Prediger: Zur Datierung der konstantinischen Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen», Hermes, 125 (1997), pp. 183-202.
BOLHUIS, Andries, «Die Rede Konstantins des Grossen an die Versammlung der Heiligen und Lactantius Divinae Institutiones», Vigiliae Christianae, 10 (1956), pp. 25-32.
BURCKHARDT, Jakob, Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen, Basel, 1853, reed. Munich, C. H. Beck, 2012.
BROWN, Peter, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian Empire, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.
BRUNHÖLZL, Franz, «Der Bildungsauftrag der Hofschule», Karl der Grosse. Lebenswerk und Nachleben, ed. H. Beumann y W. Braunfels, vol. 2, Düsseldorf, Schwang Verlag, 1965-68, pp. 28-41.
BULLOUGH, Donald A., «Alcuin’s Cultural Influence: The Evidence of the Manuscripts», Alcuin of York: Scholar at the Carolingian Court, L. A. J. R. Houwen and A. A. MacDonald (eds.), Germania Latina, vol. 3, Groningen, 1998, pp. 1-26.
CAMERON Averil and HOYLAND, Robert (eds.), Doctrine and Debate in the East Christian World, 300-1500, Farnham, Ashgate, 2011.
CAMERON, Averil, The Later Roman Empire, London, Fontana, 1993.
CAMERON, Averil, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire. The Development of Christian Discourse, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991.
CHADWICK, Henry, The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001.
CHADWICK, Henry, Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984.
CHESNUT, Glenn, The First Christian Histories: Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius,
Macon, Ga., Mercer University Press, 1986.
COLLESS, Brian E., «Divine Education», Numen, 17/2 (1970), pp. 118-142.
COLLESS, Brian E., «The Divine Teacher Figure in Biblical Theology», Journal of Christian Education, 10 (1967), pp. 24-38, 112–123, and 151–162.
CONTRENI, John J., «Inharmonious harmony: Education in the Carolingian world», The Annals of Scholarship, 1/2 (1980), pp. 81-96.
COURCELLE, Pierre, La consolation de philosophie dans la tradition littéraire. Antécédents et postérité de Boèce, Paris, Études Augustiniennes, 1967.
COURCELLE, Pierre, «Les sources antiques du prologue d'Alcuin sur les disciplines», Philologus, 110 (1966), pp. 293-305.
DAGRON, Gilbert, Empereur et prêtre. Étude sur le ‘césaropapisme’ byzantin, Paris, Gallimard, 1996.
DEDECKER, Daniel, «Le Discours à l'assemblée des saints attribué à Constantin et l’œuvre de Lactance», Lactance et son temps: recherches actuelles, J. Fontaine and M. Perrin (eds.), Paris, Beauchesne, 1978, pp. 75-90.
DEPALMA DIGESER, Elizabeth, «The Education of Constantine», Costantino il Grande. Alle radice di Europe, E. Dal Covolo and G. Sfameni (eds.), Rome, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2014, pp. 139-151.
DEPALMA DIGESER, Elizabeth, Lactantius, Constantine and the Roman Res Publica, University of California at Santa Barbara, Dissertation, 1996.
DE VOGEL, C. J., «Platonism and Christianity: A Mere Antagonism or a Profound Common Ground?», Vigiliae Christianae, 39 (1985), pp. 1-62.
DRAKE, Harold A., «Speaking of Power: Christian Redefinition of the Imperial Role in the Fourth
Century», Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD, J. Wieland (ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 291-308.
DRAKE, Harold A., «Suggestions of Date in Constantine’s Oration to the Saints», American Journal of Philology, 106 (1985), pp. 335-349.
DRAKE, Harold A., In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius’ Tricennial Oration, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976.
DROGE Arthur J., Homer or Moses: Early Christian Interpretations of the History of Culture, Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1989.
DUNGAN, David L., Constantine’s Bible. Politics and the Making of the New Testament, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 2007.
EDWARDS, Mark, «The Arian Heresy and the Oration to the Saints», Vigiliae Christianae, 49 (1995), pp. 379-387.
FARINA, Raffaele, L’Impero e l’Imperatore cristiano in Eusebio di Cesarea. La prima teologia politica del Cristianesimo, Zurich, Pas Verlag, 1966.
FITZGERALD, John T., «Eusebius and the Little Labyrinth», The Early Church in Its Context. Essays in Honour of Everett Ferguson, A. J. Malherbe et alii (eds.), Leiden, Brill, 1998, pp. 120-146.
FONTAINE, Jacques, La littérature latine chrétienne, Paris, PUF, 1970.
FONTÁN, Antonio, Letras y poder en Roma, Pamplona, EUNSA, 2001.
FREND, W. H. C., The Rise of Christianity, Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1984.
GIRARDET, Klaus Maria, «Die Christianisierung der 4. Ekloge Vergils durch Kaiser Konstantin d. Gr.», Gymnasium, 120/6 (2013), pp. 549-584.
GIRARDET, Klaus Maria, Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Grossen, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2010.
GIRARDET, Klaus Maria, «Konstantin und das Christentum: die Jahre der Entscheidung 310 bis 314», Konstantin der Grosse. Geschichte – Archäologie, Rezeption, A. Demandt and J. Engemann (eds.), Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landes-museums Trier, vol. 32, Trier, 2006, pp. 69-82.
GERÉBY, Gyorgy, «Alien Wisdom? Arnaldo Momigliano on the Hellenistic Perception of Barbarian Culture», Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU, 14, 2008, pp. 169-182.
HANSON, Richard P. C., «The Oratio ad Sanctos attributed to the Emperor Constantine and the Oracle of Daphnae», Journal of Theological Studies, 24 (1973), pp. 505-511.
HARGIS, Jeffrey W., Against the Christians: The Rise of Early Anti-Christian Polemic, New York, Peter Lang, 1999.
HARRIS, Michael H., History of Libraries in the Western World, Metuchen, NJ, The Scarecow Press, 1976.
HEIM, François, «L’influence exercée par Constantin sur Lactance: sa théologie de la victoire», Lactance et son temps: recherches actuelles, J. Fontaine and M. Perrin (eds.), Paris, Beauchesne, 1978, pp. 55-70.
HENGEL, Martin, Jews, Greeks and Barbarians: Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the pre-Christian period, Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1980.
HURTADO, Larry W., Lord Jesus Christ. Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 2003.
KEMPSHALL, Matthew S., «The Virtues of Rhetoric: Alcuin’s Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus», Anglo-Saxon England, 37 (2008), pp. 7-30.
KURFESS, Alfons, «Plato’s Timaeus in Kaiser Konstantins Rede an die heilige Versammlung», Jahresberichte des philologischen Vereins zu Berlin, 64, (1920), pp. 90-96.
KURFESS, Alfons, «Zu Kaiser Konstantins Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen», Theologische Quartalschitft, 130 (1950), pp. 145-165.
LAMBERTON Robert, Homer the Theologian. Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1986.
LAUWERS, Michel, «La glaive et la parole. Charlemagne, Alcuin et le modèle du rex praedicator: notes d’ecclésiologie carolingienne», Alcuin, de York à Tours. Écriture, pouvoir et réseaux dans l’Europe du haut Moyen Âge, Ph. Depreux and B. Judic (eds.), Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest, 111/3, Rennes, 2004, pp. 221-244.
LYONS, Evangeline Z., Hellenic Philosophers as Ambassadors to the Roman Empire: performance, parrhesia, and power, Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2011.
MACMULLEN, Ramsay, Voting About God in Early Church Councils, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006.
MACMULLEN, Ramsay, The Roman Government’s Response to Crisis (A. D. 235‐337), New Haven, Yale University Press, 1976.
MARENBON, John, «Carolingian Thought», Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation, R. McKitterick (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 171-192.
MARROU Henri Irenée, Mousikos Aner. Étude sur les scènes de la vie intellectuelle figurant sur les monuments funéraires romains, Grenoble, Didier & Richard, 1938.
MARROU, Henri-Irénée, Décadence romaine ou antiquité tardive? (IIIe-VIe siècles), Paris, Seuil, 1977,
MATTHEWS, John, The Roman Empire of Ammianus, London, Duckworth, 1989.
MATTHEWS, John, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court (AD 364-425), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1975.
MAUSE, Michael, Die Darstellung des Kaisers in der lateinischen Panegyrik, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994.
MCCORMICK, Michael, Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
MCKITTERICK, Rosamond, Charlemagne. The Formation of a European Identity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
MCKITTERICK, Rosamond, «The Carolingian Renaissance of Culture and Learning», Charlemagne. Empire and Society, J. Story (ed.), Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2005, pp. 151-166.
MEEKS Wayne A., The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1983.
MEIJERING, E. P., «Wie Platonisierten Christen», Vigiliae Christianae, 28 (1974), pp. 15-28.
MILLAR, Fergus, The Emperor in the Roman World, London, Gerald Duckworth, 1977.
MOMIGLIANO, Arnaldo (ed.), The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1963.
MORRIS, Richard, «Alcuin, York, and the Alma Sophia», The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture and Archeology in Honour of Dr. H. M. Taylor, L. A. S. Butler and R. K. Morris (eds.), Council for British Archaeology Research Report, 60, London, 1986, pp. 80-89.
NASRALLAH Laura, «Mapping the World: Justin, Tatian, Lucian, and the Second Sophistic», Harvard
Theological Review, 98/3 (2005), pp. 283-314.
ODAHL, Charles M., Constantine and the Christian Empire, London, Routledge, 2004.
O’MEARA, Dominic J., Platonopolis. Platonic Political Philosophy in Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
OPPEL, Herbert, KANΩN: Zur Bedeutungsgeschichte des Wortes und seiner lateinischen Entsprechungen (regula-norma), Leipzig, 1933.
PFÄTTISCH, Johannes Maria, Des Eusebius vier Bücher über das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin und des Kaisers Konstantin Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen, Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, vol. 9, Kempten, 1913.
RADOSEVIC, Ninoslava, «The Emperor as the Patron of Learning in Byzantine Basilikoi Logoi», To Ellenikon: Studies in honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr., J. S. Allen and J. Springer (eds.), New York, Aristide D. Caratzas, 1993, pp. 267-287.
RODRÍGUEZ DE LA PEÑA, Manuel Alejandro, «The ‘Wise King’ Topos in Context: Patronage of Learning, Royal Literacy and Political Theology in Medieval Western Europe (c. 1000-1200)», The Routledge History of Monarchy, E. Woodacre, L. H. Dean and Ch. Jones (eds.), London, Routledge, 2019, pp. 38-53.
ROSTOVTZEFF, Mikhail Ivanovich, «The Decay of the Ancient World and its Economic Explanations», Economic History Review, 2 (1930), pp. 197-214.
SABO, Theodore E., Christians, Gnostics and Platonists: An overview of the ethos of Late Antiquity, Dissertation, North-West University, 2010.
SCHÜRER, Emil, Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs, 1907.
STEPHENSON, James, «The Life and Literary Activity of Lactantius», Studia Patristica, 1 (1957), pp. 661–677.
STRAUB, Johannes A., «Constantine as Koinos Episkopos; Tradition and Innovation in the Representation of the First Christian Emperor’s Majesty», Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 21 (1967), pp. 39-55.
STRAUB, Johannes A., «Kaiser Konstantin als episkopos tôn ektos», Studia patristica, II, Berlin, 1957, pp. 678-695.
STROUMSA Guy G., «Athens or Jerusalem? From Eschatological Hopes to Cultural Memory», Myths, Martyrs and Modernity. Studies in the history of religions in honour of Jan N. Bremmer, Dikstra J. H. F. et alii (eds.), Leiden, Brill, 2010, pp. 501-513.
THOMPSON James W., «The Appropriate, the Necessary, and the Impossible: Faith and Reason in Hebrews», The Early Church in Its Context. Essays in Honour of Everett Ferguson, A. J. Malherbe et alii (eds.), Leiden, Brill, 1998, pp. 302-317.
TURCAN, Robert, «Culto imperial y sacralización del poder en el Imperio Romano», Tratado de Antropología de lo Sagrado, J. Ries (ed.), vol. 3, Madrid, Trotta, 1997, pp. 307-342.
ULLMANN, Walter, The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship, London, Methuen, 1969.
URBANO Arthur P., «Dressing a Christian: The Philosopher’s Mantle as Signifier of Pedagogical and Moral Authority», Studia Patristica, 62/10 (2013), pp. 213-229.
WALLACE-HADRILL, John Michael, Early Germanic Kingship in England and on the Continent, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
WALLACH, Liutpold, Alcuin and Charlemagne: Studies in Carolingian History and Literature, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1959.
WATTS, Edward J., City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008.
WIENAND, Johannes, Der Kaiser als Sieger. Metamorphosen triumphaler Herrschaft unter Constantin I, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2012.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
