Stability of diagnosis in bipolar disorder. Systematic Review
Keywords:
Bipolar disorder, stability, review, mood disorders, diagnosisAbstract
Introduction
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a serious and recurring mental illness. Therefore, once the diagnosis is established, it must be stable over time. Diagnostic difficulties complicate the epidemiological study of this disorder, but a prevalence of 1-2% is generally accepted. Few investigations have evaluated the impact of diagnostic stability versus its change. Material and methods: A systematic review was carried out through a bibliographic search in Pubmed, Medline
and Web of Science of articles published to date, using the following keywords: diagnosis of stability, bipolar disorders and mood disorders. Those studies that focused on the study of the diagnostic stability of BD both in adults and in children or adolescents were selected. In addition, a review of the gray literature was carried out. Results: The initial search showed a total of 323 articles, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria.
We have found that bipolar disorder has higher construct validity and long-term stability than other mental disorders. the studies coincide in the stability of around 90% or more in the diagnosis of BD in both the child and adult population. Conclusions: Bipolar Disorder in its initial phase constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Despite this, it is considered together with one of the most stable diagnostic categories. The absence of reliable and valid instruments for diagnosis is considered a limitation,
which determines the course and evolution of the disease. For future research it is important to achieve the highest possible construct validity of the BD.
Downloads
References
Aas, M., Etain, B., Bellivier, F., Henry, C., Lagerberg, T., Ringen, A., Agartz, I., Gard, S., Kahn, J. -P., Leboyer, M., Andreassen, O. A. y Melle, I. (2014). Additive Effects of Childhood Abuse and Cannabis Abuse on Clinical Expressions of Bipolar Disorders. Psychological Medicine, 44(8), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002316
*Alavi, F., Nakhaee, N. y Sabahi, A. (2014). Diagnostic Stability of Psychiatric Disorders in Re-Admitted Psychiatric Patients in Kerman, Iran. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p294
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Urosevic, S., Walshaw, P. D., Nusslock, R. y Neeren, A. M. (2005). The psychosocial context of bipolar disorder: Environmental, cognitive, and developmental risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(8), 1043–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.006
Álvarez-Cadenas, L., García-Vázquez, P., Ezquerra, B., Stiles, B. J., Lahera, G., Andrade-González, N. y Vieta, E. (2023). Detection of Bipolar Disorder in the Prodromal Phase: A Systematic Review of Assessment Instruments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 325, 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.012
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5ª ed.). Autor.
Andrade-González, N., Álvarez-Cadenas, L., Saiz-Ruiz, J. y Lahera, G. (2020). Initial and Relapse Prodromes in Adult Patients with Episodes of Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review. European Psychiatry, 63(1), Artículo e12. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.18
Baldessarini, R. J., Pompili, M. y Tondo, L. (2006). Suicide in Bipolar Disorder: Risks and Management. CNS Spectrums, 11(6), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900014681
Benedetti, F., Riccaboni, R., Poletti, S., Radaelli, D., Locatelli, C., Lorenzi, C., Pirovano, A., Smeraldi, E. y Colombo, C. (2014). The Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates the Relationship between Early Stress and Adult Suicidality in Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 16(8), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12250
Berk, M., Hallam, K., Malhi, G. S., Henry, L., Hasty, M., Macneil, C., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., Murphy, B., Vieta, E., Dodd, S. y McGorry, P. D. (2010). Evidence and Implications for Early Intervention in Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 19(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230903469111
Bień, M., Adamczewska, K., Wilczyński, K., Cichoń, L., Jelonek, I. y Janas-Kozik, M. (2022). Correlation between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review. Psychiatria Polska, 25, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/144050
Blacker, D. y Tsuang, M. (1992). Contested Boundaries of Bipolar Disorder and the Limits of Categorical Diagnosis in Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(11), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.11.1473
Blader, J. C. y Carlson, G. A. (2007). Increased Rates of Bipolar Disorder Diagnoses Among U.S. Child, Adolescent, and Adult Inpatients, 1996–2004. Biological Psychiatry, 62(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.006
Cano-Ruiz, P., Sanmartin-Salinas, P., Gómez-Peinado, A., Calero-Mora, C. y Gutiérrez-Rojas, L. (2020). Diagnostic Stability in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review. Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria, 48(1), 28–35.
CASP. (2019). Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. https://casp-uk.net/referencing/
Chen, Y. W. y Dilsaver, S. C. (1996). Lifetime Rates of Suicide Attempts among Subjects with Bipolar and Unipolar Disorders relative to Subjects with other Axis I Disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 39(10), 896–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00295-2
Conus, P., Ward, J., Hallam, K. T., Lucas, N., Macneil, C., McGorry, P. D. y Berk, M. (2008). The Proximal Prodrome to first Episode Mania a new Target for Early Intervention. Bipolar Disorders, 10(5), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00610.x
Craddock, N. y Sklar, P. (2013). Genetics of Bipolar Disorder. Lancet, 381(9878), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7
Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A., Sundquist, J. (2013). Comorbidities and Mortality in Bipolar Disorder: A Swedish National Cohort Study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(9), 931–939. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1394
DelBello, M. P. y Geller, B. (2001). Review of Studies of Child and Adolescent Offspring of Bipolar Parents. Bipolar Disorders, 3(6), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30607.x
*Dudek, D., Siwek, M., Zielińska, D., Jaeschke, R. y Rybakowski, J. (2013). Diagnostic Conversions from Major Depressive Disorder into Bipolar Disorder in an Outpatient Setting: Results of a Retrospective Chart Review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(1–2), 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.014
Dudley, R., Taylor, P., Wickham, S. y Hutton, P. (2016). Psychosis, delusions and the “Jumping to Conclusions” reasoning bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(3), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv150
Duffy, A. (2009). The Early Course of Bipolar Disorder in youth at Familial Risk. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l’Academie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 18(3), 200–205.
Duffy, A., Alda, M., Crawford, L., Milin, R. y Grof, P. (2007). The Early Manifestations of Bipolar Disorder: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of the Offspring of Bipolar Parents. Bipolar Disorders, 9(8), 828–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00421.x
Eaton, W. W., Martins, S. S., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Clarke, D. y Alexandre, P. (2008). The Burden of Mental Disorders. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn011
*Escamilla, I., Wozniak, J., Soutullo, C. A., Gamazo-Garrán, P., Figueroa-Quintana, A. y Biederman, J. (2011). Pediatric Bipolar Disorder in a Spanish Sample: Results after 2.6 years of Follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132(1–2), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.013
Fraguas, D., de Castro, M. J., Medina, O., Parellada, M., Moreno, D., Graell, M., Merchán-Naranjo, J. y Arango, C. (2008). Does Diagnostic Classification of Early-Onset Psychosis Change Over Follow-Up? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0076-3
Geller, B. y Tillman, R. (2005). Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar I Disorder: Review of Diagnostic Validation by Robins and Guze Criteria. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(7), 21–28.
Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., DelBello, M. P. y Soutullo, C. A. (2000). Six-Month Stability and Outcome of a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1089/10445460050167278
Ghaemi, S. N., Angst, J., Vohringer, P. A., Youngstrom, E. A., Phelps, J., Mitchell, P. B., McIntyre, R. S., Bauer, M., Vieta, E. y Gershon, S. (2022). Clinical Research Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar Illness (CRDC-BP): Rationale and Validity. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 10(1), Artículo 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-022-00267-3
Gil-Berrozpe, G. J., Peralta, V., Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Moreno-Izco, L., García de Jalón, E., Peralta, D., Janda, L., Cuesta, M. J. y SEGPEPs Group. (2022). Psychopathological Networks in Psychosis: Changes over time and Clinical Relevance. A Long-term Cohort Study of first-Episode Psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.046
Goikolea, J. M., Colom, F., Martinez-Aran, A., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Giordano, A., Bulbena, A. y Vieta, E. (2007). Clinical and Prognostic Implications of Seasonal Pattern in Bipolar Disorder: A 10-year Follow-up of 302 patients. Psychological Medicine, 37(11), 1595–1599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707000864
Goodwin, F. K. (2007). Manic-depressive Illness. Oxford University Press.
Heslin, M., Lomas, B., Lappin, J. M., Donoghue, K., Reininghaus, U., Onyejiaka, A., Croudace, T., Jones, P. B., Murray, R. M., Fearon, P., Dazzan, P., Morgan, C., Doody, G. A. (2015). Diagnostic Change 10 years after a First Episode of Psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2757–2769. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000720
*Kessing, L. V. (2005). Diagnostic Stability in Bipolar Disorder in Clinical Practise as According to ICD-10. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85(3), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2004.11.001
*Kessing, L. V., Vradi, E. y Andersen, P. K. (2015). Diagnostic Stability in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.037
Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R. y Wang, P. S. (2007). Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Service Utilization for Mood Disorders in the United States at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444
*Laursen, M. F., Licht, R. W., Correll, C. U., Kallehauge, T., Christensen, A.-E., Rodrigo-Domingo, M. y Nielsen, R. E. (2020). Diagnostic Stability in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder, a Nationwide Register-based Study. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 8(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-020-0179-3
Marneros, A., Deister, A., & Rohde, A. (1991). Stability of Diagnoses in Affective, Schizoaffective and Schizophrenic Disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02219720
Mathieu, F., Dizier, M.-H., Etain, B., Jamain, S., Rietschel, M., Maier, W., Albus, M., McKeon, P., Roche, S., Blackwood, D., Muir, W. J., Henry, C., Malafosse, A., Preisig, M., Ferrero, F., Cichon, S., Schumacher, J., Ohlraun, S., Propping, P., Abou Jamra, R., … y Bellivier, F. (2010). European Collaborative Study of Early-onset Bipolar Disorder: Evidence for Genetic Heterogeneity on 2q14 According to Age at Onset. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153B(8), 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31121
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Viana, M. C., Andrade, L. H., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Ladea, M., Medina-Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Wells, J. E. y Zarkov, Z. (2011). Prevalence and Correlates of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 68(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. y Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med, 6(7), Artículo e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moreno, C., Laje, G., Blanco, C., Jiang, H., Schmidt, A. B. y Olfson, M. (2007). National Trends in the Outpatient Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(9), Artículo 1032. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1032
Nassan, M., Veldic, M., Winham, S., Frye, M. A., Larrabee, B., Colby, C., Biernacka, J., Bellia, F., Pucci, M., Terenius, L., Vukojevic, V. y D´Addario, C. (2020). Methylation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met CpG site is associated with early onset bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.002
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020). Bipolar Disorder: Assessment and Management. Australian Family Physician, 36(4), 12–19.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., . . . y Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372, Artículo 71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to Develop and Report Systematic Reviews in Psychology and Health. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(1), 49−57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70007-3
Pope, L. G., Ashekun, O., Zern, A., Kelley, M. E. y Compton, M. T. (2021). Associations Between Childhood and Adolescence Adversity and Risk for Arrest Among Patients with First-Episode Psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 72(7), 826–829. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000238
Pouchon, A., Fakra, E., Haesebaert, F., Legrand, G., Rigon, M., Schmitt, E., Conus, P., Bougerol, T., Polosan, M. y Dondé, C. (2022). Intervenir précocement dans les stades débutants du trouble bipolaire: pourquoi, quand et comment. L’Encéphale, 48(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2021.05.007
Ratheesh, A., Davey, C., Hetrick, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Voutier, C., Bechdolf, A., McGorry, P. D., Scott, J., Berk, M. y Cotton, S. M. (2017). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Transition from Major Depression to Bipolar Disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(4), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12686
*Ribeiro-Fernández, M., Díez-Suárez, A. y Soutullo, C. (2019). Phenomenology and Diagnostic Stability of Paediatric Bipolar Disorder in a Spanish Sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.072
Ruggero, C. J., Carlson, G. A., Kotov, R. y Bromet, E. J. (2010). Ten-year Diagnostic Consistency of Bipolar Disorder in a First-admission Sample. Bipolar Disorders, 12(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00777.x
*Salvatore, P., Baldessarini, R. J., Tohen, M., Khalsa, H.-M. K., Sanchez-Toledo, J. P., Zarate, C. A., Vieta, E. y Maggini, C. (2011). McLean-Harvard International First-Episode Project. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(02), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05311yel
Schimmelmann, B. G., Conus, P., Edwards, J., McGorry, P. D. y Lambert, M. (2005). Diagnostic Stability 18 Months After Treatment Initiation for First-Episode Psychosis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(10), 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v66n1006
Schwartz, J. E. (2000). Congruence of Diagnoses 2 Years After a First-Admission Diagnosis of Psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(6), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.6.593
Sekhon, S. y Gupta, V. (2022). Mood Disorder. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/
Skjelstad, D. V., Malt, U. F. y Holte, A. (2010). Symptoms and Signs of the Initial Prodrome of Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.003
Soutullo, C. A., Chang, K., Diez-Suarez, A., Figueroa-Quintana, A., Escamilla-Canales, I., Rapado-Castro, M. y Ortuno, F. (2005). Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: International Perspective on Epidemiology and Phenomenology. Bipolar Disorders, 7(6), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00262.x
Vandeleur, C. L., Merikangas, K. R., Strippoli, M.-P. F., Castelao, E. y Preisig, M. (2014). Specificity of Psychosis, Mania, and Major Depression in a Contemporary Family Study. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(2), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.132
Wei, Y., de Lange, S. C., Savage, J. E., Tissink, E., Qi, T., Repple, J., Gruber, M., Kircher, T., Dannlowski, U., Posthuma, D. y van den Heuvel, M. P. (2022). Associated Genetics and Connectomic Circuitry in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.006
World Health Organization. (2011). World Report on Disability. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ed.). WHO.
Yan, W., Zhao, M., Fu, Z., Pearlson, G. D., Sui, J. y Calhoun, V. D. (2022). Mapping Relationships among Schizophrenia, Bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders: A Deep Classification and Clustering Framework using fMRI Time Series. Schizophrenia Research, 245, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.007
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
