Malentendidos e ideas erróneas en la aplicación del comportamiento no verbal en el contexto jurídico-forense español
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.20.2.39334Palabras clave:
Detección de mentiras, Credibilidad del testimonio, Criterios Daubert, Evaluación forense, Prueba científica, Prueba pseudocientíficaResumen
Antecedentes y objetivos. Tanto en la población general como en la especializada se mantienen determinadas creencias que relacionan el comportamiento no verbal (CVN) con la probabilidad de que una persona esté diciendo la verdad o mintiendo. Sin embargo, la evidencia señala que no existe ningún indicador o marcador no verbal que permita discriminar con precisión y fiabilidad entre un testimonio honesto y deshonesto, advirtiendo de la pseudocientificidad de estas técnicas. A pesar de ello, el empleo de los indicadores de CNV está ampliamente extendido en los ámbitos de seguridad y justicia. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los errores, utilidad práctica y usos inadecuados que subyacen en la práctica actual del CVN en el contexto jurídico-forense español. Método. Se ha realizado tanto una revisión de la evidencia disponible en lo relativo al CNV, como del proceso legal y criterios científicos en el ámbito técnico forense de la aplicación de estas técnicas. Conclusiones. La evidencia respecto al uso de CNV en el contexto jurídico-forense, especialmente en la población española, es notablemente limitada. Además, no cumple con los estándares Daubert de admisibilidad de la prueba científica, lo que judicialmente la califica como pseudocientífica. Esto no solo se aplica a su uso en la detección de la mentira o el engaño, sino también en todas las prácticas en las que se ha refugiado la disciplina, como en procesos de credibilidad del testimonio en cualquier tipología de delito o en la valoración de la coherencia o congruencia emocional
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