Limbering up Sister Parties’ Europeanization: Transnational Socialist Networks in the Portuguese and Spanish Transitions to Democracy and Accession to the European Community = Poniendo en marcha la europeización de partidos hermanos: las redes socialistas transnacionales en las transiciones portuguesa y española a la democracia y la adhesión a la Comunidad Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/etfv.32.2020.26019Keywords:
EU enlargement, Europeanization, democratic transition, socialist parties, transnational networks = EU ampliación, europeización, transición democrática, partidos socialistas, redes transnacionalesAbstract
This article addresses the role of transnational socialist networks in the transition from dictatorship to parliamentary democracy in Portugal and Spain and the accession of both Iberian countries to the European Community (EC). Firstly, it maps the transnational networks of western European socialist parties and reconstructs the links established with the Portuguese and Spanish socialists, especially with the Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista: PS) and the Spanish Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español: PSOE). Secondly, it identifies functions and strategies the transnational socialist networks developed to influence the Portuguese and Spanish democratic transition and the run-up process to EC southern enlargement. By doing so, it demonstrates the impact that transnational socialist networks had on the programmatic development of both Iberian socialist parties in guiding them towards the EC socialist parties’ ideological profile. This helped the socialist parties to agree common positions on EC southern enlargement and to ease the accession negotiations.Resumen
Este artículo aborda el papel de las redes socialistas transnacionales en la transición de la dictadura a la democracia parlamentaria en España y Portugal, así como la adhesión de ambos países ibéricos a la Comunidad Europea (CE). En primer lugar explora las redes transnacionales de los partidos socialistas de Europa occidental y reconstruye los vínculos establecidos con los socialistas portugueses y españoles, en particular con el Partido Socialista Portugués (PS) y el Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). En segundo lugar identifica las funciones y estrategias que las redes socialistas transnacionales desarrollaron para influir en la transición democrática portuguesa y española y el proceso de preparación para la ampliación hacia el sur por parte de la CE. Al hacerlo demuestra que las redes socialistas transnacionales impactaron en el desarrollo programático de ambos partidos socialistas ibéricos tomando como modelo el perfil ideológico de los partidos socialistas de la CE. Esto ayudó a los partidos socialistas a acordar posiciones comunes sobre la ampliación hacia el sur de la CE y a facilitar las negociaciones de adhesión.
Downloads
References
ANTUNES SABLOSKY, Juliet: PS e a transição para a democracia. Relações com os partidos socialistas Europeus. Tradução António Cruz Belo. Lisbon, Editorial Notícias, 2000.
BRANDT, Willy: Begegnungen und Einsichten. Die Jahre 1960-1975. Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe, 1976.
DAKOWSKA, Dorota: «Networking of Political Foundations. The Catalytic Effects of Transition and the European Union’s Eastern Enlargement», in: GEHLER, Michael, KAISER, Wolfram and LEUCHT, Brigitte (eds): Netzwerke im europäischen Mehrebenensystem. Von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart. Networks in European Multi-Level Governance. From 1945 to the Present. Vienna, Böhlau Verlag, 2009, pp. 185-200.
DOWE, Dieter and Klotzenbach, Kurt: Programmatische Dokumente der Deutschen Sozialdemokratie. Bonn, Dietz, 4th edition, 2004.
EISFELD, Rainer: Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa. Ansätze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugals. Cologne, Wissenschaft und Politik, 1984.
FEATHERSTONE, Kevin: «Socialist parties in southern Europe and the enlarged European Community», in GALLAGHER, Tom and WILLIAMS, Allan M. (eds): Southern European socialism. Parties, elections and the challenges of government. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987, pp. 247-270.
FEATHERSTONE, Kevin: Socialist Parties and European Integration. A Comparative History. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1988.
GEHLER, Michael, KAISER, Wolfram and LEUCHT, Brigitte (eds): Netzwerke im europäischen Mehrebenensystem. Von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart. Networks in European Multi-Level Governance. From 1945 to the Present. Vienna, Böhlau Verlag, 2009.
GILLESPIE, Richard: The Spanish Socialist Party. A History of Factionalism. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.
GUÉROT, Ulrike: Die PS und Europa. Eine Untersuchung der europapolitischen Programmatik der französischen Sozialisten 1971-1995. Bochum, Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer, 1996.
HIX, Simon and LESSE, Urs: Shaping a Vision. A History of the European Socialists. Brussels, Party of European Socialists, 2002.
FONSECA, Anna Mónica: «Western Germany and the Portuguese Transition to Democracy», IRPI Working Paper 40, 2008.
FONSECA, Anna Mónica: «The Federal Republic of Germany and the Portuguese Transition to Democracy (1974-1976)», Journal of European Integration History, 15 (2009), pp. 35-56.
HIRSCHHAUSEN, Ulrike von and PATEL, Kiran Klaus: «Europeanization in History: An Introduction», in CONWAY, Martin and PATEL, Kiran Klaus (eds): Europeanization in the Twentieth Century. Historical Approaches. Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2010, pp. 1-18.
IKONOMOU, A. Haakon, ANDRY, Aurélie and BYBERG, Rebekka: «Introduction», in idem. (eds): European Enlargements across Rounds and Beyond Borders. Abingdon/New York, Routledge, 2017, pp. 1-16.
JANITSCHEK, Hans: Mário Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985.
KAISER, Wolfram and SALM, Christian: «Transition und Europäisierung in Spanien und Portugal. Sozial- und christdemokratische Netzwerke im Übergang von der Diktatur zur parlamentarischen Demokratie», Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 49 (2009), pp. 259-282.
KAISER, Wolfram, KRANKENHAGEN, Stefan and POEHLS, Kerstin: Exhibiting Europe in Museums. Transnational Networks, Collections, Narratives, and Representation. New York, Berghahn, 2014.
KENNEDY, Paul: «The Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE)», in: HANLEY, David and LOUGHLIN, John (eds): Spanish Political Parties. Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2006 pp. 46-73.
KOHLER, Beate: Politischer Umbruch in Südeuropa. Portugal, Griechenland, Spanien auf dem Weg zur Demokratie. Bonn, Europa Union, 1981.
LADRECH, Robert: «Europeanization and Political Parties: Towards a Framework for Analysis», Party Politics, 15 (2002), pp. 389-403.
MATEOS LÓPEZ, Abdón: «Europa en la política de presencia internacional del socialismo en el exilio», Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, 2 (1989), pp. 339-358.
MARTÍNEZ COBO, José and MARTÍNEZ COBO, Carlos: La segunda renovación. Intrahistoria del PSOE, vol. IV. Barcelona, Plaza y Janés, 1991.
MATEUS, Rui: Contos Proibidos: memórias de um PS desconhecido. Lisbon, Dom Quixote, 1996.
MERSEBURGER, Peter: Willy Brandt 1913-1992, Visionär und Realist. Stuttgart/Munich, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2002.
MUÑOZ SÁNCHEZ, Antonio: «La Fundación Ebert y el socialismo español de la dictadura ala democracia», Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, 29 (2007), pp. 257-278.
MUÑOZ SÁNCHEZ, Antonio: El amigo alemán. El SPD y el PSOE de la dictadura a la democracia. Barcelona, RBA Libros, 2012.
MÜHLEN, Patrick von zur: Die internationale Arbeit der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts. Bonn, Dietz, 2007.
ORTUÑO ANAYA, Pilar: European Socialists and Spain: The Transition to Democracy, 1959-77. Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2002.
PINTO-DUSCHINSKY, Michael: «Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their US Counterparts», International Affairs, 67 (1991), pp. 33-63.
PRIDHAM, Geoffrey: «The Politics of the European Community. Transnational Networks and Democratic Transitions in Southern Europe», in idem (ed.): Encouraging Democracy. The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe. Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1991, pp. 212–245.
ROTHER, Bernd: Der verhinderte Übergang zum Sozialismus. Die Sozialistische Partei Portugals im Zentrum der Macht (1974-1978). Frankfurt a. M., Materialis, 1985.
SALM, Christian: Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s. European Community Development Aid and Southern Enlargement. Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2016.
SALM, Christian: «Come Together: Transnationale Geschichtsschreibung und politikwissenschaftliche Netzwerkforschung am Beispiel politischer Parteien und europäischer Integration», Mitteilungsblatt des Instituts für soziale Bewegungen, 46 (2011), pp. 131-151.
SCHILDBERG, Cäcilie, Wegbereiter transnationaler Parteienkooperation? Die Rolle der parteinahen Stiftungen», in MITTAG, Jürgen (ed.): Politische Parteien und europäische Integration. Entwicklung und Perspektiven transnationaler Parteienkooperation in Europa. Essen, Klartext Verlag, 2006, pp. 451-575.
SCHIMMELFENNIG, Frank and SEDELMEIER, Ulrich (eds): The Politics of European Enlargement – Theoretical Approaches. Abingdon/New York, Routledge, 2005.
