A violação de Britânico (Tac. Ann. 13.17) = Britannicus’ Rape (Tac. Ann. 13.17)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/etfii.33.2020.28472Palabras clave:
Britânico, Nero, Tácito, Biografia, Stuprum, Lex Scantinia = Britannicus, Tacitus, Biography, Lex ScantiniaResumen
Este estudo foca-se na biografia de Britânico, filho de Cláudio e Valéria Messalina, analisando em particular as informações transmitidas por Tácito nos Annales. Esta obra é também a única fonte que dá conta de que Britânico teria sido sexualmente violado por Nero, seu irmão por adoptio, cunhado e concorrente ao poder. Pretendemos, assim, analisar também a referência ao stuprum do jovem príncipe e o seu significado na historiografia de Tácito.Abstract
This essay focuses on the biography of Britannicus, son of Claudius and Valeria Messalina, considering particularly the information transmitted by Tacitus in the Annales. Tacitus’ work is also the only source that realizes that Britannicus would have been sexually assaulted by Nero, his brother by adoption, brother-in-law and rival as far as power was concerned. Thus, we also intend to analyse the reference to the stuprum of the young prince and its meaning within the historiography of Tacitus.
Descargas
Citas
BARRET, A. A.: Agrippina, Sister of Caligula, Wife of Claudius. Mother of Nero, London, Batsford, 1996.
BARRET, A. A.; FANTHAN, E.; YARDLEY, J. C. (eds.): The Emperor Nero. A Guide to the Ancient Sources, Princeton/Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2016.
BERGER, A.: «Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law», Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 43/2 (1953), pp. 333-809.
BRANDÃO, J. L. L.: Máscaras dos Césares. Teatro e moralidade nas Vidas suetonianas, Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2009.
BRAUND, D.: «Apollo in Arms: Nero at the Frontier», in BUCKLEY, E. & DINTER, M. T. (eds.): A Companion to the Neronian Age, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 83-101.
BRYAN, J.: «Neronian Philosophy», in BUCKLEY, E. & DINTER, M. T. (eds.), A Companion to the Neronian Age, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 134-148.
CASEY, E.: «Binding Speeches: Giving Voice to deadly thoughts in Greek Epitaphs», in SLUITER, I.; ROSEN, R. M. (eds.): Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2004, pp. 74-76.
CASTORIO, J. N.: Messaline. La putain impériale, Paris, Payot, 2015.
CHAMPLIN, E.: Nero, Cambridge, Mass./London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.
CHARLES, M. B.: «Suet. ‘Ner. 7.1: Britannicum subditivum’», Mnemosyne, 68/2 (2015), pp. 290-296.
CIZEK, E.: L’Époque de Néron et ses controverses idéologiques, Leiden, Brill, 1972.
CIZEK, E.: Néron, Paris, Fayard, 1997.
COWAN, R.: «Starring Nero as Nero: Poetry, RolePlaying and Identity in Juvenal 8.215-221», Mnemosyne, 62/1 (2009), pp. 76-89.
DALLA, D., Vbi Venus mutator: Omosessualitá e diritto nel mondo romano, Milano, Giuffrè, 1987.
DAVIDSON, J.: «Dover, Foucault and Greek Homosexuality: Penetration and the Truth of Sex», Past and Present, 17 (2001), pp. 3-51.
DAVIDSON, J.: The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece, London, W & N, 2008.
DELINE, T. L.: Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era, Vancouver, The University of British Columbia, 2009.
DOVER, K.: Greek Homosexuality, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989.
DRINKWATER, J. F.: Nero. Emperor and Court, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
DUBUISSON, M.: «La mort de Britannicus: lecture critique de Tacite», L’Antiquité Classique, 68 (1999), pp. 253-261.
FANTHAM, E.: «Stuprum: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome», Echos du Monde Classique/Classical Views, 35 (1991), pp. 267-291.
FERREIRA, P. S.: Séneca em cena. Enquadramento na tradição dramática greco-latina, Lisboa, FCG/FCT, 2011.
FINI, M.: Nerone. Duemila anni di calunie, Milano, Mondadori, 1993.
FISHWICK, D.: «The Deification of Claudius», Classical Quarterly, 52/1 (2002), pp. 341-349.
FOUCAULT, M.: História da Sexualidade. I – A vontade de saber, II – O uso dos prazeres, III – O cuidado de si, IV – As confissões da carne, Lisboa, Relógio D’Água, 1994, 2019.
GIROD, V.: Agrippine. Sexe, crimes et pouvoir dans la Rome Impériale, Paris, Tallandier, 2015.
GONFROY, F.: Un fait de civilisation méconnu: l’homosexualité masculine à Rome, Poitiers, Univ. Poitiers, 1972.
GRIFFIN, M. T.: Nero. The End of a Dynasty, London, Routledge, 2000.
GRIFFIN, M. T.: Seneca, a Philosopher in Politics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976.
HALPERIN, D.: One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love, New York, Routledge, 1990.
HUBBARD, T. H.: «Peer Homosexuality», in HUBBARD, T. H. (ed.): A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, Oxford, Wiley Blackwell, 2014, pp. 128-149.
HURLEY, D. W.: «Biographies of Nero», in BUCKLEY, E. & DINTER, M. T. (eds.), A Companion to the Neronian Age, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 29-44.
KARRAS, R. M.: «Active/Passive, Acts/Passions: Greek and Roman Sexualities», American Historical Review, 105 (2000), pp. 1250-1265.
LEAR, A.: «Ancient Pederasty. An Introduction», in HUBBARD, T. H. (ed.): A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, Oxford, Wiley Blackwell, 2014, pp. 102127.
LEFERVRE, L.: Le mythe Néron. La fabrique d’un monstre dans la littérature antique (Ier-Ve s.), Villeneuve d’Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2017.
MACDOWELL, D.: «‘Hybris’ in Athens», Greece & Rome, 23/1 (1976), pp. 14-31.
MACMULLEN, R.: «Roman Attitudes to Greek Love», Historia, 31/4 (1982), pp. 484-502.
MALIK, S.: The Nero Anti-Christ. Founding and Fashioning a Paradigm, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
MACGINN, T. A.: «Prostitution. Controversies and New Approaches», in HUBBARD, T. H. (ed.): A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, Oxford, Wiley Blackwell, 2014, pp. 83-101.
MELMOUX, J.: «La lutte pour le pouvoir en 51 et les difficultés imprévues d’Agrippine: Remarques sur Tacite. Annales XII, 41, 5 et XII, 42, 1-5», Latomus, 42/2 (1983), pp. 350-361.
MORDINE, M. J.: «The Imperial Household in the Age of Nero», in BUCKLEY, E. & DINTER, M. T. (eds.): A Companion to the Neronian Age, Oxford, WileyBlackwell, 2013, pp. 102-117.
MOREAU, P.: Incestus et prohibitae nuptiae. Conception romaine de l’inceste et histoire des prohibitions matrimoniales pour cause de parenté dans la Rome antique, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2002.
NAGEL, B. N.: «The Tyrant as Artist: Legal Fiction and Sexual Violence under Tiberius», Law and Literature, 25/2 (2013), pp. 286-310.
NALL, G.: Forms of Classical Athenian Homosexuality in Transhistorical, Cross-Cultural, Biosocial and Demographic Perspective: A Response to Dover, Foucault and Halperin. New York: State University of New York at Albany, 2001.
PIMENTEL, M. C. C. M. S.: «Tácito: a uirtus estóica no feminino», Euphrosyne, 34 (2006), pp. 121-134.
PIMENTEL, M. C. C. M. S.: «Virtus ipsa. O retrato literário nos Annales de Tácito», in PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ, A. et al.: O retrato e a biografia como estratégia de teorização política, Coimbra/Málaga, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Universidad de Málaga, 2004, pp. 65-82.
PIMENTEL, M. C. S.: «Ex mensa exitium: morte e ignomínia nos alimentos ou na privação deles», in PINHEIRO, J. & SOARES, C. (coords.), Patrimónios alimentares de Aquém e Além-mar, Coimbra/São Paulo, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra/Annablume, 2016, pp. 543-555.
RICHLIN, A.: «Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men», Journal of the History of Sexuality, ¾ (1993), pp. 523-573.
RODRIGUES, N. S.: «História, Filologia e Problemáticas da Antiguidade Clássica», in REIS, M. F. (coord.), Rumos e Escrita da História. Estudos em Homenagem a A. A. Marques de Almeida, Lisboa, Edições Colibri, 2007, pp. 643-659.
RODRIGUES, N. S.: «Tornar-se adulto na Antiguidade Clássica», in FONSECA, A. C. (ed.): Jovens Adultos, Coimbra, Almedina, 2014, pp. 87-130.
RYAN, F. X.: «The Lex Scantinia and the Prosecution of Censors and Aediles», Classical Philology, 89/2 (1994), pp. 159-162.
SCHMITZER, U.: «Der Tod auf offener Szene. Tacitus über Nero und die Ermordung des Britannicus», Hermes, 133/3 (2005), pp. 337-357.
SCHRÖDER, V.: La tragédie du sang d’Auguste. Politique et intertextualité dans Britannicus, Tübingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2004.
SCHULZ, V.: Deconstructing Imperial Representations: Tacitus, Cassius Dio, and Suetonius on Nero and Domitian, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2019.
SEGURADO e CAMPOS, J. A.: A tragédia Octavia. A obra e a época, Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1972.
SHELDON, R. M.: Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire, London, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
SKINNER, M.: «Alexander and Ancient Greek Society», in CARTLEDGE, P. & GREENLAND, F. R. (eds.): Responses to Oliver Stone’s Alexander. Film, History, and Cultural Studies, London, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2010, pp. 119-134.
SKINNER, M.: Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
TAYLOR, R.: «Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome», Journal of the History of Sexuality, 7/3 (1997), pp. 319-371.
VAGI, D. L.: «Tiberius Claudius Drusus († AD 20). Son of Claudius and Urgulanilla», American Numismatic Society, 22 (2010), pp. 81-92.
VAGI, D.: Coinage and History of the Roman Empire (c. 82 b.C.-A.D. 480), vol. I: History, London, Routledge, 1999.
VEYNE, P.: «L’homosexualité à Rome», Communications, 35 (1982), pp. 26-33.
WEES, H. van.: «The ‘Law of Hybris’ and Solon’s Reform of Justice», in LAMBERT, S. D. (ed.), Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher, Swansea, Classical Press of Wales, 2011, pp. 117-144.
WILLIAMS, C. A.: «Greek Love at Rome», The Classical Quarterly, 45/2 (1995), pp. 517-539.
WILLIAMS, C. A.: Roman Homosexuality, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.
WILLIAMS, G.: «Nero, Seneca and Stoicism in the Octavia», in ELSNER, J. & MASTERS, J. (eds.): Reflections of Nero. Culture, History & Representation, London, Duckworth, 1994, pp. 178-195.
WILLIAMS, K. F.: «Tacitus’ Germanicus and the Principate», Latomus, 68/1 (2009), pp. 117-130.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2020 Nuno Simões Rodrigues
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor (copyright) de las obras publicadas y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo al igual que permiten la reutilización del mismo bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
- Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional, que permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y de la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales.Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web). Color RoMEO: verde. (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of the first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
