La influencia del duelo en la salud mental y el papel de la soledad durante la pandemia de COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.19.1.36886Palabras clave:
SARS-CoV-2, duelo disfuncional, luto, ansiedad, depresión, aislamiento socialResumen
Diversas investigaciones muestran que el proceso de duelo se asocia con una variedad de respuestas patológicas tanto a nivel mental como físico. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y las medidas restrictivas implementadas, se han producido pérdidas de personas cercanas en condiciones excepcionales. Es razonable pensar que muchas de las personas que estan en proceso de duelo no puedan superar su pérdida de una forma adaptativa, y que esto conlleve dificultades para procesar el duelo conducentes a alteraciones de su salud mental. La soledad, que se incrementó durante la pandemia, se ha identificado com un factor de riesgo significativo para la salud mental que resulta común para las personas que están en duelo. En este estudio, nos propusimos estimar los efectos del proceso de duelo en la salud mental en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 y explorar el posible papel mediador de la soledad en la relación entre duelo y salud mental. Para ello, se realizaron encuestas en una muestra española representativa de 2000 personas adultas entrevistadas por teléfono durante la pandemia (Febrero-Marzo de 2021). Con estos datos, se realizaron regresiones logísticas para examinar los efectos del duelo en la depresión, ansiedad, ataques de pánico, estrés postraumático, abuso de substancias, y pensamientos y conductas suicidas. Nuestros resultados confirmaron que la forma en la que se procesa la pérdida de un ser querido influye en la salud mental de las personas. Las dificultades para elaborar el duelo resultaron asociadas de forma más significativa a la depresión (OR = 14.28) y ansiedad (OR = 11.61). Según se había previsto, la soledad explicó un porcentaje substancial (8-30%) del impacto del duelo disfuncional en los indicadores de salud mental. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, a la hora de abordar las consecuencias en la salud mental de la pandemia de COVID-19, los profesionales deberían considerar el papel del duelo y la soledad como objetos de evaluación y tratamiento.
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