Factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a Spanish sample of adult victims of interpersonal violence in childhood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.26017Palabras clave:
victimization, posttraumatic growth inventory, trauma, growthResumen
Abstract: Research interest in trauma as a possible cause of growth has increased in recent decades. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is widely used to measure growth after traumatic events. The present study aimed at validating the Spanish version of the PTGI in a sample of 243 young adults (age range from 18 to 35 years old, M = 21 years, SD = 2.5) whoexperienced interpersonal victimization during their childhood and/or adolescence. Preliminary analyses showed acceptable reliability for the PTGI subscales (Cronbach’s α ranging from .61 to .89). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure that included «new perception of life», «relating to others», «personal strength», and «spiritual change». All types of victimization correlated significantly with PTGI scores. These findings provide support for the factorial validity of the PTGI and the use of the PTGI in future research examining posttraumatic growth among Spanish victims of interpersonal violence in childhood. Keywords: Victimization; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory; trauma; growth. Estructura factorial del Inventario de Crecimiento Post-traumático en una muestra española de víctimas adultas de violencia interpersonal durante la infancia Resumen: El interés científico en el trauma como posible fuente de crecimiento ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, siendo el Inventario de Crecimiento Post-traumático (PTGI) uno de los instrumentos más usados para medirlo. El estudio pretende validar la versión en castellano del PTGI en una muestra de 243 adultos jóvenes (entre 18 y 35 años, M = 21 años, DT = 2.5), víctimas de violencia en la infancia y/o adolescencia. Los análisis mostraron una fiabilidad aceptable para todas las subescalas (α =.61- .89). El análisis factorial exploratorio reveló una estructura de cuatro factores: «nueva percepción de la vida», «relación con los demás», «fuerza personal» y «cambio espiritual». Todos los tipos de victimización correlacionaron significativamente con las puntuaciones del PTGI. Los resultados aportan evidencia sobre la validez de la estructura interna del PTGI y el uso del PTGI en futuras investigaciones que examinen el crecimiento post-traumático en víctimas españolas de violencia interpersonal durante la infancia. Palabras clave: Victimización; inventario de crecimiento post-traumático; trauma; crecimiento.Descargas
Citas
Anderson, W. P., Jr., & López-Baez, S. I. (2008). Measuring growth with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(4), 215-227. doi:10.1080/07481756.2008.11909816
Aslam, N., & Kamal, A. (2019). Assessing positive changes among flood affected individuals: Translation and validation of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory - Short Form. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 58(2), 59-65. Retrieved from http://www.pjmr.org.pk/
Barlow, M. R., & Hetzel-Riggin, M. D. (2018). Predicting posttraumatic growth in survivors of interpersonal trauma: Gender role adherence is more important than gender. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(3), 446-456. doi:10.1037/men0000128
Berry, J. W. (1980). Introduction to methodology. In Triandis, H. & Berry, JW. (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (1-28). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Brunet, J., McDonough, M. H., Hadd, V., Crocker, P. R., & Sabiston, C. M. (2010). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: An examination of the factor structure and invariance among breast cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology, 19(8), 830-838. doi:10.1002/pon.1640
Cadell, S., Suarez, E., & Hemsworth, D. (2015). Reliability and validity of a French version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 4, 53-65. doi:10.4236/ojmp.2015.42006
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician’s guide. New York: Routledge.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2004). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: New considerations. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 93-102. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_03
Cheng, C. H., Ho, S. M., & Rochelle, T. L. (2017). Examining the psychometric properties of the Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory for patients suffering from chronic diseases. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(7), 874-885. doi:10.1177/1359105315617330
Cobb, A. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2006). Correlates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 895-903. doi:10.1002/jts.20171
Costa-Requena, G., & Gil Moncayo, F. (2007). Crecimiento post-traumático en pacientes oncológicos. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 33(148), 229-250. Retrieved from http://www.uhu.es/publicaciones/ojs/index.php/amc/index
Finkelhor, D. (2007). Developmental victimology: The comprehensive study of childhood victimization. In R.C. Davis, A.J. Lurigio & S. Herman (Eds.), Victims of crime (3rd ed.) (p. 9-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S. L., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2005). The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: Reliability, validity, and national norms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(4), 383-412. doi:10.1016.j.chiabu.2004.11.001
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2009). Lifetime assessment of poly- victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 403-411. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.012
Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1048-1055. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.1048
Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Rodríguez-Rey, R., & Alonso-Tapia, J. (2017). Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Factor structure in Spanish-speaking people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 29(10), 1320-1323. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2017.1291900
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68-81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7
Gottlieb, B. H., Still, E. & Newvy-Clark, I. R. (2007). Types and precipitants of growth and decline in emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(2), 132- 155. doi:10.1177/0743558406298201.
Henry, B., Moffitt, E. G., Caspi, A., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A. (1994). On the “remembrance of things past”: A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 92-101. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.92
Hernández Armenteros, J., & Pérez García, J. A. (2017). La universidad española en cifras. Madrid: Crue Universidades Españolas.
Ho, S. M. Y., Chan, C. L. W., & Ho, R. T. H. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in Chinese cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 377-389. doi:10.1002/po.758
Hooper, L. M., Marotta, S. A., & Lanthier, R. P. (2007). Predictors of growth and distress following childhood parentification: A retrospective exploratory study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(5), 693-705. doi:10.1007/s10826-007- 9184-8
Jaarsma, T. A., Pool, G., Sanderman, R., & Ranchor, A. V. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory among cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15(10), 911-920. doi:10.1002/pon.1026
Jayawickreme, E. & Blackie, L. E. (2014). Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Evidence, controversies and future directions. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 312-331. doi:10.1002/per.1963
Joseph, S., Linley, P. A., & Harris, G. J. (2005). Understanding positive change following trauma and adversity: Structural clarification. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10(1), 83-96. doi:10.1080/15325020490890741
Kaur, N., Porter, B., LeardMann, C., Tobin, L., Lemus, H., Luxton, D. and the Millennium Cohort Study Team. (2017). Evaluation of a modified version of the
Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 17-69. doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0344-2.
Konkolÿ Thege, B., Kovács, E., & Balog, P. (2014). A bifactor model of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Health Psychology & Behavioural Medicine, 2(1), 529-540. doi:10.1080/21642850.2014.905208
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
Kunst, M. J. J. (2010). Peritraumatic distress, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and posttraumatic growth in victims of violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 514-518. doi:10.1002/jts.20556
Lakes, K. D. (2013). Restricted sample variance reduces generalizability. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 643-650. doi: 10.1037/a0030912
Lee, J., Luxton, D., Reger, G., & Gahm, G. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory with a sample of soldiers previously deployed in support of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(7), 813-819. doi:0.1002/jclp.20692
Leiva-Bianchi, M., & Araneda, A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory after the Chilean earthquake. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(4), 297-305. doi:10.1080/15325024.2013.873223
Lev-Wiesel, R.; Amir, M., & Besser, A. (2005). Posttraumatic growth among female survivors of childhood sexual abuse in relation to the perpetrator identity. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 10(1), 7-17. doi:10.1080/15325020490890606
Mack, J., Herrberg, M., Hetzel, A., Wallesch, C. W., Bengel, J., Schulz, M., & Schönberger, M. (2015). The factorial and discriminant validity of the German version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory in stroke patients. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(2), 216-232.
doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.918885
Maercker, A., & Langner, R. (2001) Posttraumatic personal growth: Validation of German versions of two questionnaires. Diagnostica, 47, 153-162. doi:10.1026//0012-1924.47.3.153
Medeiros, E., Couto, E., Fonseca, P., da Silva, P., & Medeiros, P. (2017). Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): Adaptation and factorial validity in the Brazilian Northeast. Psico-USF, 22(3), 449-460. doi:1413-82712017220306
Morris, B., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Rieck, M., & Newbery, J. (2005). Multidimensional nature of posttraumatic growth in an Australian population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 575-585. doi:10.1002/jts.20067
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
Palmer, G., Graca, J., & Occhieti, K. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a veteran sample with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(6), 545-556. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.678779
Pereda, N., Gallardo-Pujol, D., & Guilera, G. (2016). Good practices in the assessment of victimization: The Spanish adaptation of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire from a causal indicators approach. Psychology of Violence, 8(1), 76-86. doi:10.1037/vio0000075
Pereda, N., Guilera, G., & Abad, J. (2014). Victimization and polyvictimization of Spanish children and youth: Results from a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 640-649. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.019
Pérez-San-Gregorio, M. Á., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Sánchez-Martín, M., Borda-Mas, M., Avargues-Navarro, M. L., Gómez-Bravo, M. Á., & Conrad, R. (2018). Spanish adaptation and validation of the Transplant Effects Questionnaire (TxEQ-Spanish) in liver transplant recipients and its relationship to posttraumatic growth and quality of life. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9 (148), 1-10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00148
Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butollo, W., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 71-83. doi:10.1002/jclp.10117
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364-388. doi:10.1080/15325020902724271
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2014). Italian adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of the full and the short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(1), 12-22. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.734203
Ramos, C., Leal, I., Marôco, A. L., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2016). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Factor structure and invariance in a sample of breast cancer patients and in a non-clinical sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19. doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.65
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Alonso-Tapia, J., Kassam-Adams, N., & Garrido-Henanzais, H. (2016). The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in parents of critically ill children. Psicothema, 28(4), 495-503. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.162
Saltzman, L. Y., Easton, S. D., & Salas-Wright, C. P. (2015). A validation study of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory among survivors of clergy-perpetrated child sexual abuse. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 6(3), 305-315. doi:10.1086/682730
Shakespeare-Finch, J., & de Dassel, T. (2009). Exploring posttraumatic outcomes as a function of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(6), 623-640. doi:10.1080/10538710903317224
Silverstein, M. W., Witte, T. K., Lee, D. J., Kramer, L. B., & Weathers, F. W. (2018). Dimensions of growth? Examining the distinctiveness of the five factors of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(3), 448-453. doi:10.1002/jts.22298
Taku, K., Cann, A., Calhoun, L., & Tedeschi, R. (2008). The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 158-164. doi:10.1002/jts.20305
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471. doi:0894-9867/96/0700-0455509.50/1
Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychology Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. doi:10.1027/s15327965pli1501_01
Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Senol‐Durak, E., & Calhoun, L. G. (2017). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 11-18. doi:10.1002/jts.22155
Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (Eds.) (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., & Demakis, G. (2010). Gender differences in self-reported post-traumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 110-120. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01546.x
Weiss, T. & Berger, R. (2006). Reliability and validity of a Spanish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(2), 191-199. doi:10.1177/1049731505281374
Wiecko, F. M. (2010). Research Note. Assessing the validity of college samples: Are students really that different? Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(6), 1186-190. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.007
Wright, M. O. D., Crawford, E., & Sebastian, K. (2007). Positive resolution of childhood sexual abuse experiences: The role of coping, benefit-finding and meaning-making. Journal of Family Violence, 22(7), 597-608. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9111-1
Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology: A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626-653. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
