Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, experiencias adversas vitales e imagen corporal: Una revisión sistemática
Eating disorders, life stressful events and body image: A systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.28064Palabras clave:
Trastornos de la alimentación, experiencias adversas vitales, bulimia nerviosa, anorexia nerviosa, trastorno de atracón, imagen corporal, insatisfacción corporal.Agencias Financiadoras:
Hospital Miguel ServetResumen
Eating disorders, life stressful events and body image: A systematic review
Abstract: Our objective was to clarify the relationship between adverse life events and the altered body image in eating
disorders. We reviewed English and Spanish papers indexed in MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ScienceDirect from the last 10
years. We included 16 studies of which 37.5% focus on eating disorders. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, domestic violence,
bullying and having experienced multiples adverse life events have been associated with overweight patients and high body dissatisfaction. Emotional abuse has been associated with underweight and body shape concerns. Posttraumatic symptoms and emotion dysregulation have been identified as mediating factors. Eating disorder psychopathology could be the response to a bad regulation of negative emotion coming from different adverse life events and this mechanism could underlie patiens’ body dissatisfaction.
Keywords: eating disorders; adverse life events; bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa; binge-eating disorder; body image; body dissatisfaction; traumatic events.
Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es esclarecer la relación entre experiencias adversas vitales y la alteración de la imagen corporal en los trastornos alimentarios. Se han revisado trabajos en inglés y castellano indexados en MEDLINE, PsychoINFO y ScienceDirect en los últimos 10 años. Se han incluido 16 estudios de los cuales, el 37.5% se centra en trastornos de la alimentación. El abuso sexual, el físico, la violencia intrafamiliar, el acoso escolar y la suma de diferentes experiencias adversas vitales identifican pacientes con sobrepeso y alta insatisfacción corporal. El abuso emocional se ha asociado a bajo peso y preocupación entorno a la figura. La relación con la imagen corporal está mediada por clínica postraumática y la desregulación emocional. La clínica alimentaria es una respuesta a un mal manejo de emociones negativas derivadas de diferentes experiencias adversas y este mecanismo podría estar en la base de la insatisfacción corporal de los pacientes.
Palabras clave: trastornos de la alimentación; experiencias adversas vitales; bulimia nerviosa; anorexia nerviosa; trastorno de atracón; imagen corporal; insatisfacción corporal; eventos traumáticos.
Descargas
Citas
Afifi, T.O., Sareen, J., Fortier, J., Taillieu, T., Turner, S., Cheung, K., y Henriksen, C.A. (2017). Child maltreatment and eating disorders among men and women in adulthood: Results from a nationally representative United States sample. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50, 1281–1296. doi: 10.1002/eat.22783.
American Psychiatric Association. (APA). (2014). DSM-5. Guía de consulta de los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-5. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana.
American Psychiatric Association. (APA). (2002). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales DSM-IV-TR. Barcelona: Masson.
Anderluh, M.B., Tchanturia, K., Rabe-Hesketh, S., y Treasure, J. (2003). Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 242-247.
Backholm, K., Isomaa, R. y Birgegard, A. (2013). The prevalence and impact of trauma history in eating disorder patients. European Journal of psychotraumatology, 4, 22482-22489. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.22482.
Bakalar, J.L., Barmine, M., Druskin, L., Olsen, C.H., Quinlan, J., Sbrocco T., y Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2018). Childhood adverse life events, disordered eating, and body mass index in US Military service members. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 465–469. doi: 10.1002/eat.22851.
Bedoya Hernández, M.H. y Marín Cortés. A.F. (2010). Cuerpo vivido e identidad narrativa en mujeres diagnosticadas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 39 (3), 544-555.
Bernstein, D.P. y Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire manual. San Antonio, TX: The psychological corporation.
Brooke, L. y Mussap, A.J. (2013). Brief report: Maltreatment in childhood and body concerns in adulthood. Journal of Health Psychology 18(5), 620–626. doi: 10.1177/1359105312454036.
Brustenghi, F., Mezzetti F.A., Di Sarno, C. Giulietti, C., Moretti, P., y Tortorella, A. (2019). Eating disorders: the role of childhood trauma and the emotion regulation. Psychiatria Danubina, 31 (3), 509-511.
Burns, E.E., Fischer, S., Jackson, J.L, y Harding, H.J. (2012). Deficits in
emotion regulation mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and later eating disorder symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36 (1), 32–39. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.08.005.
Carretero-Garcia, A. Sánchez Planell, L., Doval, E., Rusiñol Estragués, J., Raich Escursell, R.M., y Vanderlinden, J. (2012). Repeated traumatic experiences in eating disorders and their association with eating symptoms. Eating and Weight Disorders, 17, 4, e267-e273. doi: 10.1007/BF03325137.
Caslini, M., Bartoli, F., Crocamo, C., Dakanalis, A., Clerici, M., y Carrá, G. (2016). Disentangling the association between child abuse and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78 (1), 79-90. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000233.
Castejón Martínez, M.A., Berengüí Gil, R., y Garcés de los Fayos Ruiz, E. (2016). Relación del índice de masa corporal, percepción de peso y variables relacionadas con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en estudiantes universitarios. Nutrición clínica y dietética hospitalaria, 36(1), 54-63 doi: 10.12873/361castejon.
Cook-Cottone, C.P. (2015). Incorporating positive body image into the treatment of eating disorders: A model for attunement and mindful self-care. Body Image, 14, 158-67. ISSN 1740-1445. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.004.
Cooper, P.J., Taylor, M.J., Cooper, Z., y Fairburn, C.G. (1987). The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494.doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4<485::AID-EAT2260060405>3.0.CO;2-O.
Demirci, E. (2018). Non suicidal self-injury, emotional eating and insomnia after child sexual abuse: Are those symptoms related to emotion regulation? Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 53, 17–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.012.
Devi, F., Shahwan, S., Lin Teh, W., Sambasivam, R., Jue Zhang, Y., Wen Lau, Y., How Ong, S., Fung, D., Gupta, B., Chong, S.A., Subramaniam, M. (2019). The prevalence of childhood trauma in psychiatric outpatients. Annals General of Psychiatry, 18, 15-22. doi: 10.1186/s12991-019-0239-1.
De Vignemont F. (2009). Body schema and body image-pros and cons. Neuropsychologia, 48 (3), 669-80. ffijn_00512315f.
Dunkley, D.M., Masheb, R.M. y Grilo, C.M. (2010). Childhood Maltreatment, Depressive Symptoms, and Body Dissatisfaction in Patients with Binge Eating Disorder: The Mediating Role of Self-Criticism. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43 (3), 274–281. doi: 10.1002/eat.20796.
Donald, J.L. (2012). A review of childhood abuse questionnaires and suggested treatment approaches. En E. S. Kalfolu (Ed.), Sexual Abuse-Breaking the Silence. Rijeka, Croatia: In Tech.
Donahue, J.M., Reilly, E.E., Anderson, L.M., Scharmer, C., y Anderson, D.A. (2018). Evaluating Associations Between Perfectionism, Emotion Regulation, and Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Mixed-Gender Sample. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 206(11), 900-904. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000895. PMID: 30371645; PMCID: PMC6209118.
Eubanks J.R., Kenkel M.Y., y Gardner R.M. (2006). Body-size perception, body-esteem, and parenting history in college women reporting a history of child abuse. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(2):485–497. doi:10.2466/pms.102.2.485-497.
Fairburn, C.G. y Beglin, S.J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16 (4), 363-370. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-AT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., y Williams, J. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Patient Edition.
Fosse, G.K. y Holen A. (2006). Childhood maltreatment in adult female psychiatric outpatients with eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 7, 404-409. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.12.006.
Fox, J.R.E. y Power M.J. (2009). Eating disorders and multi-level models of emotions: an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 16, 240-267. doi: 10.1002/cpp.626.
Garner, D.M. (1993). Eating disorder inventory-2 professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Garner, D.M. (2004). Eating disorder inventory-3 professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Gray, M.J., Litz, B.T., Hsu, J.L., y Lombado, T.W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11 (4), 330-341. doi: 10.1177/1073191104269954.
Grilo, M.C. y Masheb, R. M. (2001). Childhood psychological, physical and sexual maltreatment in outpatients with binge eating disorder: frequency and associations with gender, obesity and eating-related psychopathology. Obesity Research, 9 (5), 320-325. doi: 10.1038/oby.2001.40.
Groff Stephen, S. y Wilke, D.J. (2016). Sexual violence, weight perception, and eating disorders indicators in college females. Journal of American College Health, 64 (1), 38-47. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1074237.
Grunwald, M., Ettrich, C., Busse, F., Assmann, B., Dähne, A., y Gertz, H.J. (2002). Angle paradigm: A new method to measure right parietal dysfunctions in anorexia nervosa. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17 (5), 485-96. ISSN 0887-6177. doi; 10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00131-7.
Guillaume, S. Jaussent, L., Maimoun, L., Ryst, A., Seneque, M., Villain, L., Hamroun, D., Lefebvre, V., Renard, E., y Courtet, Ph. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Scientific Reports, 6, 35761-35767. doi: 10.1038/srep35761.
Hayaki, J., Friedman, M.A., y Brownell, K.D. (2002), Emotional expression and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 57-62. doi: 10.1002/eat.1111.
Helverskov, J.L., Clausen, L., Mors, O., Frydenberg, M., Thomsen, PH., y Rokkedal, K. (2010). Trans-diagnostic outcome of eating disorders: a 30-month follow-up study of 629 patients. European Eating Disorders Review, 18 (6), 453-463. doi: 10.1002/erv.1025. PMID: 20593480.
Hepworth, N.S. (2011). A Mindful Eating Group as an Adjunct to Individual Treatment for Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study. Eating Disorders, 19, 6–16. doi: 10.1080/10640266.2011.533601.
Herbert, J. (1997). Stress, the brain, and mental illness. British Medical Journal, 315, 530-535. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7107.530.
Hicks White, A.A., Pratt, K.J. y Cottrill, C. (2018). The relationship between trauma and weight status among adolescents in eating disorder treatment. Appetite, 129, 62-69. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.034.
Hsu, L. G., y Sobkiewicz, T. A. (1991). Body image disturbance: Time to abandon the concept for eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 15–30. doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199101)10:1<15::AID-EAT2260100103>3.0.CO;2-I
Isomaa, R., Backholm, K. y Birgegard, A. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder in eating disorder patients: the role of psychological distress and timing of trauma. Psychiatry Research, 230, 506-510. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.044.
Keane, T.M., Fairbank, J.A., Caddell, J.M., Zimering, R.T., Taylor, K.L., y Mora, C.A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 53–55. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.53.
Keel, P.K., Dorer, D.J., Franko, D.L., Jackson, S.C., y Herzog, D.B. (2005). Post remission predictors of relapse in women with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2263-8. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2263. PMID: 16330589.
Kenardy, J. y Ball, K. (1998). Disordered eating, weight dissatisfaction and dieting in relation to unwanted childhood sexual experiences in a community sample. Journal of Psychosomatics Research, 44, 327-337. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00258-4.
Kira, I.A., Lewandowski, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., y Mohanesh, J. (2008). Measuring cumulative trauma dose, types, and profiles using a development-based taxonomy of traumas. Traumatology, 14(2), 62–87. doi: 10.1177/1534765608319324.
Kothari, R., Easter, A., Lewis, R., Howard, L.M., Micali, N. (2015). Intimate Partner Violence among Women with Eating Disorders during the Perinatal Period. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48, 727–735. doi: 10.1002/eat.22429.
Kubany, E.S y Haynes, S.N. (2004). Traumatic life events Questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Lasegue, C.H. (1873). De l`anorexie hysterique. Archives generales de Medicine, abril, XXI, 385-403.
Lejonklou, A., Nilsson, D., y Holmqvist, R. (2014). Variants of potentially traumatizing life events in eating disorders patients. Psychological Trauma, 6 (6), 661-667. doi: 10.1155/2018/9814358.
Lethbridge, J., Watson, H.J., Egan, S.J., Street, H., y Nathan, P.R. (2011). The role of perfectionism, dichotomous thinking, shape and weight overvaluation, and conditional goal setting in eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 12(3), 200-206. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.003. PMID: 21741018.
Madowitz, J., Matheson, B.E. y Liang, G. (2015). The relationship between eating disorders and sexual trauma. Eating and weight disorders, 20 (3), 281-293. doi: 10.1007/s40519-015-0195-y.
Malinauskiene, V. y Malinauska, R. (2018). Lifetime Traumatic Experiences and Disordered Eating among University Students: The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. BioMed Research International, Jan 18, 9814358. doi: 10.1155/2018/9814358.
Marco H., Botella C. y Perpiña C. (2004). Tratamiento de las alteraciones de la imagen corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Saarbrucken: Académica Española.
Mason, S.M., MacLehose, R.F., Katz-Wise, S.L., Austin, S.B., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Harlow, B.L. y Rich-Edwards, J.W. (2015). Childhood abuse victimization, stress-related eating and weight status in young women. Annals Epidemiology, 25(10), 760–766. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.06.081.
McCreary, D.R. (2007). The Drive for Muscularity Scale: Description, psychometrics, and research findings. In J.K. Thompson y G. Cafri (Ed.), The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives (pp. 87-106). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Micali, N., Martini, M.G., Thomas, J.J. Eddy, K.T., Kothari, R., Russell, E., Bulik, C.M., y Treasure, J. (2017). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of eating disorders amongst women in mid-life: a population-based study of diagnoses and risk factors. BMC Medicine 15, 12. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0766-4.
Mills, P., Newman, E.F., Cossar, J., y Murray, G. (2015). Emotional maltreatment and disordered eating in adolescents: testing the mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Abuse & neglect, 39, 156-166. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.011.
Mitchison, D., Bussey, K., Touyz, S., Gonzalez-Chica, D., Musker, M., Stocks, N., Licinio, J., y Hay. P. (2019). Shared associations between histories of victimisation among people with eating disorder symptoms and higher weight. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53 (6), 540-549. doi: 10.1177/0004867418814961.
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew M., Shekelle, P., Stewart L.A., y PRISMA-P group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews 4, 1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.
Molendijk, M.L., Hoek, H.W., Brewerton, T.D., y Elzinga, B.M. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 4,8, 1402-1416. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716003561.
Monell, E., Clinton, D., y Birgegård, A. (2018). Emotion dysregulation and eating disorders-Associations with diagnostic presentation and key symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(8), 921-930. doi: 10.1002/eat.22925. PMID: 30030942.
Moulton, S.J., Newman, E., Power, K., Swanson, V., y Day, K. (2015). Childhood trauma and eating psychopathology: a mediating role for dissociation and emotion dysregulation? Child Abuse & neglect, 39, 167-174. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.003.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P.J., Beuhrin., T, y Resnick, M.D. (2000). Disordered eating among adolescent: Associations with sexual/physical abuse and other familial/psychosocial factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 249–258. doi: 10.1002/1098-108x(200011)28:3<249::aid-eat1>3.0.co;2-h.
NICE (2017). Eating disorders. Core intervention in the treatment of and management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and related eating disorders. National Institute of clinical excellence, clinical guidelines 9. http://guidance.nice.org.uk. PMID: 23346610.
Palmisano, G.L., Innamorati, M., Susca, G., Traetta, D., Sarracino, D., y Vanderlinden, J. (2018). Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Dissociative Phenomena in Eating Disorders: Level and Association with the Severity of Binge Eating Symptoms. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19 (1), 88-107. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2017.1304490.
Paxton, S.J. y McLean, S.A. (2010). Treatment for Body-Image Disturbances. En: Grilo, S.M. & Mitchell, J.E. (Ed.). The treatment of eating disorders (pp 471-86). New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60623-446-4.
Pignatelli, A.M., Wampers, M., Loriedo, C., Biondi, M., y Vanderlinden, J. (2017). Childhood neglect in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma Dissociation, 18 (1), 100-115. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2016.1198951.
Preti, A., Incani, E., Camboni, M.V., Petreto, D.R., y Masala, C. (2006). Sexual abuse and eating disorders symptoms: the mediator role of body dissatisfaction. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 475-481. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.004.
Quick, V.M. y Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2014). Disordered eating, socio-cultural media influencers, body image, and psychological factors among a racially/ethnically diverse population of college women. Eating behaviors, 15(1), 37–41. doi; 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.005.
Richardson, A.S., Dietz, W.H. y Gordon-Larsen, P. (2014). The association between childhood sexual and physical abuse with incident adult severe obesity across 13 years of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Paediatric Obesity, 9(5), 351–356. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00196.x.
Richter, A., Gilbert, P. y McEwan, K. (2009). Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology. Psychology and psychotherapy: theory, research and practice, 82 (2), 171-184. doi: 10.1348/147608308X395213.
Roenholt, S., Beck, N.N., Karsberg, S.H. Elklit, A. (2012). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and childhood abuse categories in a national representative sample for a specific age group: associations to body mass index. European Journal of psychotraumatology, 3: 17188-17194. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17188.
Rosen, J.C. (1992). Body image disorder: Definition, development, and contribution to eating disorders. In J.H. Crowther, D.L. Tennenbaum, S.E. Hobfoll, y M.A.P. Stephens (Ed.), The etiology of bulimia: The individual and familial context (157-177). Washington D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Salaberria, K. Rodríguez, S., y Cruz, S. (2007). Percepción de la imagen corporal. Osasunaz, 8, 171-183. BIBLID 1577-8533.
Sepúlveda, A.R., León J.A., y Botella, J. (2004). Aspectos controvertidos de la imagen corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Clínica y Salud, 15 (1), 55-74. ISSN: 1130-5274. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=1806/18067820003.
Sepúlveda, A.R., Botella, J., y León J.A. (2002). Body-image disturbance in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychology in Spain, 6 (1), 83-95.
Shilder P. (1935). The image and appearance of human body. International university press: New York.
Strauss, M.A. y Gelles, R.J. (1990). Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Striegel-Moore, R.H. y Bulik, C.M. (2007). Risk factors for eating disorders. American Psychologist, 62(3), 181–198. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181.
Striegel-Moore, R.H., Dohm, F.A., Pike, K.M., Wilfley, D.E., y Fairburn, C.G. (2002). Abuse, bullying and discrimination as risk factors for binge eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (11), 1902-1907. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1902.
Tabri, N., Murray, H.B., Thomas, J.J., Franko, D.L., Herzog, D.B., y Eddy, K.T. (2015). Overvaluation of body shape/weight and engagement in non-compensatory weight-control behaviours in eating disorders: is there a reciprocal relationship? Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2951-8. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000896. PMID: 25994276.
Tagay, S., Erim, Y., Stoelk, B., Möllering, A., Mewes, R., y Senf, W. (2007). The Essen Trauma-Inventory (ETI) – A screening instrument of identification of traumatic events and posttraumatic disorders. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie, Psychotherapiewissenschaft, Psychologische Medizin, 1:75–89.
Tagay, S., Schlottbohm, E., Reyes-Rodriguez, M.L., Repic, N., Senf, W. (2014). Eating Disorders, Trauma, PTSD and Psychosocial Resources. Eating Disorders, 22(1), 33–49. doi: 10.1080/10640266.2014.857517.
Tagay, S., Schlelgl, S. y Senf, W. (2010). Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress symptomatology and somatoform symptoms in eating disorder patients. European Eating Disorders Review, 18, 124–132. doi: 10.1002/erv.972.
Taylor, S.E., Lerner, J.S., Sage, R.M., Lehman, B.J., y Seeman, T.E. (2004). Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1365–1393. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x.
Taylor, C.B., Bryson, S., Celio Doyle, A.A., Luce, K.H., Cunning, D., Abascal, L.B., Rockwell R., Field A.E., Striegel-Moore, R., Winzelberg, A.J., y Wilfley, D.E. (2006). The adverse effect of negative comments about weight and shape from family and siblings on women at high risk for eating disorders. Pediatrics, 118(2), 731-738. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1806. PMID: 16882830.
Thompson, K.M. y Wonderlich, S.A. (2004). Child sexual abuse and eating disorders. In: Thompson J.K. (Ed). Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. Hoboken, N.J. pp 679-694
Tylka, T.L. y Wood-Barcalow, N.L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image,14, 118-29. ISSN 1740-1445. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001.
Treasure, J., Antunes Duarte, T., y Schmidt, U. (2020). Eating disorders. Lancet, 395, 899-911. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3.
Treasure, J., Leslie, M. Chamie, R., y Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2018). Are transdiagnostic models of eating disorders fit for purpose? A consideration of evidence for food addiction. European Eating Disorders Review, 26, 83-91. doi: 10.1002/erv.2578.
Treurer, T., Koperdak, M., Rózsa, S., y Juredi, J. (2005). The impact of physical and sexual abuse on body image in eating disorders. European and Eating Disorder Review, 13, 106-111. doi: 10.1002/erv.616.
Troisi, A., Di Lorenzo, G., Alcini, S., Croce Nanni, R., Di Pasquale, C., y Siracusano, A. (2006). Body Dissatisfaction in Women with Eating Disorders: Relationship to Early Separation Anxiety and Insecure Attachment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68 (3), 449-453. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000204923.09390.5b.
Trottier, K. y MacDonald, D.E. (2017). Update on Psychological Trauma, Other Severe Adverse Experiences and Eating Disorders: State of the Research and Future Research Directions. Current Psychiatry Report, 19, 45-53. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0806-6.
Trucco, M. (2002). Estrés y trastornos mentales, aspectos neurobiológicos y psicosociales. Revista Chilena de Neuropsiquiatría, 40 (2), 8-19. doi: 10.4067/S0717-92272002000600002.
Van den Berg, P., Paxton, S.J., Keery, H., Wall, M., Guo, J., Neumark- Sztainer, D. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4 (3), 257–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.04.003. PMID: 18089272.
Van Gerko, K., Hughes, M.L., Hamill, M., y Waller, G. (2005). Reported childhood sexual abuse and eating-disordered cognitions and behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 375–382. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.11.002.
Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Alacid, F., Muyor, J.M., y López-Miñarro, P.A. (2013). Imagen corporal; revisión bibliográfica. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 28 (1), 27-35. ISSN: 0212-1611. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=3092/30922605500.
Vartanian, L.R., Hayward, L.E., Smith, J.M., Paxton, S.J., y Touyz, S.W. (2018). Risk and resiliency factors related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: the identity disruption model. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 322–330. doi: 10.1002/eat.22835.
Vierling, V., Etori, S., Valenti, L., Lesage, M., Pigeyre, M., Dodin, V., Cottencin, O., y Guardia, D. (2015). Prévalence et impacte de l`état de stréss post-traumatique chez les patients atteints de trouble du comportement alimentaire. Presse Medicine, 44: e341–e352. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.04.039.
Villarino Marín, A. (2012). Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. No todo es anorexia y bulimia. En Instituto Tomas Pascual Sanz (Ed). Controversias sobre los trastornos alimentarios (pp 40-43). Madrid: IMC, SA.
Villarroel, A.M., Penelo, E., Portell, M., y Raich, R.M. (2012). Childhood sexual and physical abuse in Spanish female undergraduates: does it affect eating disturbance? European Eating Disorders Review, 20, e32-e41. doi: 10.1002/erv.1086.
Wildes, J.E. y Marcus, M.D. (2013). Incorporating dimensions into the classification of eating disorders: three models and their implications for research and clinical practice. The International journal of eating disorders, 46(5), 396–403. doi: 10.1002/eat.22091.
Wolfe, J., Kimerling, R., Brown, P.J., Chrestman, K.R., y Levin, K. (1996). Life Stressor Checklist--Revised (LSC-R) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. doi: org/10.1037/t04534-000
Wufong, E., Rhodes, P., y Conti, J. (2019). “We don’t really know what else we can do”: Parent experiences when adolescent distress persists after the Maudsley and family-based therapies for anorexia nervosa. Journal of Eating Disorders 7, 5. doi: 10.1186/s40337-019-0235-5.
