Al-Andalus on pedestals. National memory, frustrated memory and populist memory

Abstract

This article examines the integration of the memory of al-Andalus into the memory of Spain’s historical past, through an analysis of the commemorative statues erected in public spaces to emblematic Andalusian figures. We have located sculptures or monuments from the late 19th century to the present day. In our analysis we have also included references to sculptures that were planned but never realized. The locations and dates of installation of these statues have allowed us to identify certain trends, changes, and comparisons. We compare two regions: Andalusia and Murcia. In the sections of the article, we reflect the result of the changes in perception and instrumentalization of the public image of al-Andalus according to the statues. In the 19th century, the idea of «Muslim Spain» facilitated minimal incorporation into the national public memory. During the Franco era, the statues were used to serve relations with Arab-Islamic countries and regionalist projects. The case study of the frustrated monument in Ricote (Murcia) reflects a conflict between the hegemonic memory marked by the «Reconquista» and socially rooted positive perceptions. In democracy, commemorative Andalusian statuary became normalized. But this trend is being disrupted by the resurgence of populist anti-Islamic narratives that hinder the integration of al- Andalus into a democratic historical memory.